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FLORIDA HUMANITIES COUNCIL / BRUCE STEPHENSON Florida Humanities Council/ Bruce Stephenson FLORID. HUMAN~Y~~$ Bo Inl 01 lllre (..,or' 1"')S-I,),)9 h r1\u..J \h~ n...,rJ Il[ {11,lJ JI'f{ I", " 1\ ,,"kd,,1I . , Ii I II I j ~t1 \ H1wJ I' 1Ie11 lul''! C\("l 1\ 1:0.. rk.l....OIl J Jf] I~ ol J PJl\111 hltmt..... \1 J\'(i 1'" "'J \ I\h/!lrJ ( /~ ,l J fJl I U(1\d \\ Ch It'lll .... r( '/;Jqr: ,,1,"1 ClllL- fl'fl{" 'd ~ .1 ~ t l....tl1k[ !, rlnd'/, \n-f1ld Clll.lPll (.dUll//( f u'...td h (,n.n....' 1", 1, ll~ f- t l I (tll. I IJ,(lftfl {, '1 1 1 !~ ~ 'lh l'l / J I I, II !llIIL (r, ni, t(ll./ rr l L,\l: loll. 111\ (II \. r /~I !tl'11l ( lrtl () I 'ri) I 1 I \\ lllJll' f fl ~ (1/ ! ,Ill [J II 'h PI I...' ill.. l . L .1... \l'(L II \ l (1U....' 1 j J r /II ni,.l ..... ,1. 1 1 \ 1i '111 ~tlrl . I i!, rl ( I' 'h II I I I, f)4 . r I LI 1 IZI l' 1...., '11 " 0 I.... .... l I I LI~' ~r.. I \ IHl1lh} '. '/ COUNCIL March IS, 2000 Dr. R Bruce Stephenson Department of Envlronmental Studies Rolllns College 1000 Holt Avenue - 2753 Wlnter Park, FL 32789 Dear Dr Stephenson. I am pleased to lnform you that the Florlda Humanltles Councll (FHCl has approved your request for $2,000.00 In support of "Florlda's Flrst Plans John Nolen's Vislon for Clearwater and Bellealr, Florida," wlth one Condltlon: Submlt a brlef budget showlng the estlmated dollar value of the sponsorlng organlzatlon's contrlbutlon to the pro] ect ~bl'-~" ~\-- / ThlS award has granted Clearwater b/~/-DO ~~ Plannlng been to the 7),","""~~f'""" I lilt- III ~ 'l~IIII' II , .1 ::..."";::: ~':; I...... Jl-IIII~ltL T....l~j.....; l~l~ II ~ ~ _ l;~~- t .......... ....-.In.! &- you to pursue the actlvltles outllned In your Mlnl Grant proposal (copy attached), In accordance wlth the budget detalled thereln. Your flnal report on the project wlll be due In our offlce no later than 90 days after the date of your publlc program To indicate your agreement wlth these condltlons, please Slgn one copy of thlS letter and return It to the FHC offlce Congratulatlons. Your proJect was Judged one of the flnestl urro Cary Execu lve D~rector Florlda Humanltles Cauncll (/]j0~ for the Clearwater Plannlng Department- Communlty Redevelopment Board 1725 'I, E,\;! Se\{~lllh ,\, en lie ramp 1, Flond,\ :; :;60') IS 1 ,) 272- '17 \ 'illn( oPI ':i 12-42.67 I-a>, (81 1) 272-:;:; 14 t.nnd lddrt~' tllCliNl dlllTn or!! \Vd, lint '''''' fhhllJ11 0[" ~ , ~ Florida Humanities Council, Mini-Grant Application Flonda's First Plans John Nolen's VIsIon for Clearwater and Bellealr, Flonda Director and Humanities Scholar Dr Bruce Stephenson, Rollins College, Winter Park Field of Study: History Program Liaison: Ralph Stone, Planning Director, ClealWater, Flonda Non-Profit Organizational Sponsor ClealWater Planning Department- Community Redevelopment Board Meeting Place: To be provided by the City of ClealWater Amount Requested: $2,000 Time Frame: Summer-Autumn 2000 Suburban sprawl threatens Flonda more congestion and air pollution resulting from our Increased dependence on automobiles, the loss of precIous open space, the need for costly Improvements to roads and public services, and the loss of a sense of community A recent study by the Sierra Club found Flonda the most "sprawl threatened" state In the nation (Sierra Club, 1999) The New Urbanism, "a Flonda- Grown Movement," (Forum, 1997, p 10) has resurrected the tradition of Amencan CIVIC desIgn to solve the conundrum of suburban sprawl New Urbanists trace their work to the claSSIC town planning of the early twentieth century, especially as practiced by John Nolen Seaside, Flonda, the most renowned New Urbanist project, IS "a modIfied neoclassical gnd," James Kunstler wntes, "straIght out of John Nolen" (Kunstler, 1993) Planning hlstonan, John Hancock has traced Seaside's design to Nolen's 1920s Flonda plans (Hancock, 1991) While Nolen's scope of work went well beyond Flonda, the "last frontler,1I as he called the state In 1926, "offered a great laboratory of town and City bUilding" In thiS laboratory, Nolen created models that have inspIred a new generation of town planners The purpose of the grant IS to analyze John Nolen's anginal plans for ClealWater and Bellealr and present matenals and research at a CIVIC forum hosted by the ClealWater Planning Department and Community Redevelopment Board The Community Redevelopment Board (CRB) agenda IS central to the City'S future VISion, Clearwater One CIty, One Future ClealWater IS vIrtually "bUilt-out" and the eXisting suburban development pattern and attendant codes are being reevaluated by the eRB The goal IS to create a Unique Identity for the CIty, and In particular, local neighborhoods Nolen's plan could enhance public discussion because his design centered on creating Identifiable neighborhoods, mlxed.use community centers, and an Interconnected system of parks and CIVIC spaces Nolen's plan not only offers an avenue to the City'S past, but It offers the opportUnity to enhance the dialogue for envIsIoning ClealWater's future DIscussing Nolen's plan In a public forum would help Citizens understand the relationshIp between design and the CIVIC Ideals that form the basIs of community, and the City, which architect Vincent Scully wntes, "has always been the metaphor for Western CIVIlization" (Forum, 9) History IS central to the humanities, and, In thiS proJect, the goal IS to combIne hlstoncal research With community "vIsIoning" to unlock the potential of the local culture Nolen's 50 Flonda plans and attendant letters are housed at Cornell University Bruce Stephenson, the project director and humanities resource scholar, received a grant from Cornell to study Nolen's Flonda plans last summer In his research, Dr Stephenson uncovered Nolen's plans for Clearwater, Bellealr, Plnellas County, and the Tampa Bay region The mini-grant would allow him to return to Cornell for 10 days to analyze the aforementioned plans and correspondence between Nolen and the local communities The Nolen Papers also have a catalog of local newspaper articles discussing Nolen's planning work Funds would also be used for Dr Stephenson to spend 10 days at the UnIversity of South Flonda Special Collections, Plnellas County Hlstoncal Museum, and local Plnellas IIbranes Finally, the remaining money ($250) funds would be used to pnnt a report for the public meeting Ralph Stone, Clearwater's Planning Director, Will work with Dr Stephenson In setting up the presentation for the Community Redevelopment Board The City Will provide a meeting place and Dr Stephenson Will work with the Community Redevelopment Board In reaching pOints of consensus and diSCUSSion at the public meeting He would also help, If the CRB deems It appropnates, to produce a report or brochure that would summanze the project and the outcome of the meeting Sources 1 Flonda Humanities Council The New Urbanism a Flonda-grown movement Forum (Summer 1997) 2 Hancock, John "John Nolen new towns In Flonda The New City (Miami-New York, f991) 3" Kunstler, James GeoQraphv of Nowhere (New York, 1993) 4 N"olen, John "City Planning In Flonda" (1926) Nolen Papers, SpeCIal Collecbons, Cornell Um~rSlty, Ithaca, NY 5 Scully, Vincent "Trye mall that may rUin Coral Gables" Forum (Summer 1997) 6 Sierra Club, Amenca's Most Sprawl Threatened CIties (San FrancIsco, 1999) ~ ' ~ -!fZji>ZLJ{J~.~ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ _______ _ _ ___.__ _ ___ ~!~ _. - - - -- - ---- -----_~_____..__ n ___ _ _ '1~~~~_-/t)~ _ _ ._n__, _______._ ___ - 1/m~ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 4o&tf/~~~K____________________ _ ---- -- - _aur __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ .__ _ __ ,_ _ __ _' _ ___ ___ ___ ____ _____ _ __~___ - - - - '~?~h _ --- -- -, _ _ _ _ ,_ __ _____________________,~________ ____u_ - - ~~# - - --- - - .- _. - - --- -- -- --- -- .__.___ __ _, _n___ Ji!1//~ ~--- I~V(c... _ _ __ __ ___~__ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __.______ __ _ ______ ___...,....____~ ______ - -, ~~ __. - - u_ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ______ ___ ,_ ___ _ wf/>> -h ~-~~,~ckJx -__ -- _ -_ __ ~-~ - _~-~~--__--_-n~-~_ ~_-_~~_~~-,-_'~~ - J[11!VUI/1C-rj~~~ d_ _ -P!~___________h________ - - ........t- _ __ _ ~____ _ ~ _ _ __ __ _ _~___ __ _~___ _ _ _ _----,_>-=-___ _ __ _~~ ___~~_ _ _ _ __ _ p_ __ __ _ __ _ __/~~d&_t@~__cg~---~__ __ ,_ d 1fItie/l.~~~ -./IJ .., ,~(~~-=_- __ m_ ___ .P_ , - -- {;tp"'-~y)?Jat1- --- - -- - - -- -p- - - ,___ __ _ _ ~ ___n______n .~____ ._ - - --=-$!l;4~Nl&2itr~~f~ff~-----------------~--------_ . ~- ~~~~;-:;::;:;;-&~~~~_:---- ~ ~~~ ~- , ~/ .~. ~1o~L'7-/@'a0Jo ~~_--_--:,.~. -~~-~~~'. . . " (j;/j/ :t::!~;&mJ!~~__'_~~,~~.. ',' ..... . 4""... -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~_ _ _ _ _ _~ ~ ~ _ _ _ "'- _ ~.- ~~tJ/L- j(J~~~& ;f ~~- ---. ... - --I!J;l1L ~~ ~~ ~ /~t2________ _ ~_~, __ . . ---- - -- 'f- ~ -- .... - >"<' - - - - -~ - , /j.1fi-Z ~~=~~~~~~.-~_--J-~J toO --~--------- ------ ---- ---- ------ --- fl)OrlJtjlJ--- - -- - -- - --- -- - - - _u - ---_______h_~-- _ ________ _m___n_~ ___ ~-----.....-- OO~f4~JP8 1~?/1 - --- ~~P?2h ______ /~~~t!PP>>J- dau~~{?,l-- *u;v,te~~.~ /171;11;---- ~~~b- _ .!f-- 2 ~.~ ~_m ______ ~~-:~,--&Yl42hJA#Uh?U th 16~ ~ ---------c---~ ~ _' ~ ,m__ - @{L~~ ~b-~~-- ------- ------ -- -- ------ ~-- --------------------~--~~.-._-- -- Page 1 of 1 !:!!l~~J_~. Cyndi From Bruce Stephenson [Bstephenson@Rolllns Edu] Sent Thursday, June 01, 2000 346 PM To Hardin, Cyndl Subject Useful Quotes from the Nolen Plan? Dear Cyndl, Thank you very much In rcadmg the Nolen Plan, I found the followmg mformatIon that may mterest you' A Clty oJthe character oJClearwater located In an aIluwlg chmate, and havmg many wmter vlstfors, should have a system oj parks and parkways Even !tlOre than today, the cllles oj the Juture wIll need open spaces and areas devoted to recreatIOn The elder Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr , Jamed for Central Park found "In scarcely anythmg to be determined by local opmlOn IS a city to be I'na rred for tfs future as In proceedmgs m prosecutlOll oj a park project Those In charge of a park project may proceed economically wah a system to procedure stop after step to completLOn of a well matured plan For every thousand dollars JudicIOusly mvested In a park, the diVidend to the second oJthe cllLzens possessmg a wIll be much larger than the first, the dLVldend to the thlrd generatLOn much larger than the second 1/ ThIS mformatlOn IS found on page 20 Thanks Agam, Bruce Stephenson 6/8/00 Hardin, Cyndi From Sent To Subject Bruce Stephenson [Bslephenson@Rolllns Edu] Saturday, June 17,20001008 AM Hardin, Cyndl ampltheatre at last' Hello Cyndl, I hope the little blurbs I sent on Nolen and Olmsted were useful I am teaching a 4 week course on Nature In the City so your project IS there, but In the back of my mind I think the concept of the ampltheatre IS great In Nolen's design for Bellealr, he planned an amplthealre In the town center, where the Suncoast Art Museum was placed until recently moved So your plan IS right In keeping With his View, I Imagine he did not want to place two ampltheaters so close to each other--he deSigned Bellealr flrsl--He also had an ampllheater planned for Venice (near the beach, behind the dunes) that was never bUilt I hope you can realize thiS 80 year old dream Also, on a more pecuniary note, I realized I did not leave an address where you could mall the check (I'm sure by now ItS working ItS way through the process) My home address IS 1445 Mayfield Avenue Winter Park, FL 32789 Thank You, Bruce Stephenson 1 Hardin, Cyndi From Sent To Subject Bruce Stephenson (Bstephenson@Rolllns edu] Thursday, June 29, 2000229 PM Hardin, Cyndl ClealWater VIsion Dear Cyndl, I am preparing 10 leave next Thursday for Comellto delve Inlo John Nolen's ClealWaler file I am hoping you received the check from the Florida Humanities Council? I can Imagine that It might take awhile to work ItS way Ihrough "the process" before It gets to me Anyway, If you could let me know of ItS status 1 would be most appreciative Also, J am hoping J could speak or meet with you or Ralph about the vIsion that was established for ClealWater I will read the Times accounts, but I am hoping to find out the origins of your Ideas Could I set something up for late July? Sincerely, Bruce Stephenson 1 Hardin, Cyndi From Sent To Subject Bruce Stephenson [Bstephenson@Rollms edu] Monday, July 31,2000246 PM Hardin, Cyndl research complete Dear Cynthia, I have completed my research and found some Interesting Information and graphics Bellealr, designed by Nolen, was larger than Clearwater m 1924 and was the focal pomt for cultural actiVities When Nolen designed Clearwater, he envIsioned a regional city combining Bellealr-Clearwater The Interesting Item for your project IS that the ampl-theatre/cultural center Nolen designed In the center of Bellealr became the site for the Suncoast Art Museyn that was recently moved The project your office IS proposmg would, In effect, fill the vacancy of that public space by returning to Nolen's original vIsion I have much more, but I am Just giving you the qUick gist I am getting concerned because I have bills coming due from the tnp and for research matenals (plans, copies of letters, drawmgs, elc) I had sent an e-mail before I left explaining that the Humanities Council had sent a check (they told me) to Clearwater to cover my expenses I would very much appreciate a response as to the status of the check and when you would like a preliminary presentation of my work It would help If I could get a copy of the consultant's report as well so I can tailor my work to meet the vIsion proposed I look forward to hearing from you 1 --~ fj/~ -- z/2. '?412 --- -- ~ --- _04d ~ ~ -{/t~__ _ Y__~-a!-~fk______--- j , I /UjtlUJ~1 ~~ ~4'*P~J~~ ~ -t2U ~~~ a:nz- TO PJJe- lD_~ ~-- - - -. - -- - - - - --- - ~ . . ~, I' ., ~ FLORIDA G=OQJJ~&~~U~rn~ COUNCIL iVOtt jot?;. zaJ.> October 17, 2000 Ms Clndy HardlD Clty of Clearwater POBox 4748 Clearwater, FL 33758-4748 Dear Ms Hardln Enclosed please flnd caples of all of the paperwork for the Clty of Clearwater's Florlda Humanltles Councll (FHC) Mlnl Grant. Caples of our Letter of Agreement, slgned by two different offlclals for the Clty of Clearwater A copy of the orlglnal grant applicatlon A copy of the Cash Request, pald June 8, 2000 (ThlS also lDcludes the Tlbrlef budget showlng the estlmated dollar value of the sponsorlng organlzation's contrlbutlon" WhlCh FHC requested) Please do contact me at any tlme if I can be of further asslstance. Slncerely, ~ OCLt'-- &'To-~ '\ ~~ "' Joan R. Bragglnton Dlrector of the Grants Program CC' Bruce Stephenson 1725 L/, East Seventh Avenue, Tampa, Flonda 33605, (813) 272-3473 SunCom 512-4267 Fax (813) 272-3314 e-mail address fhc@flahum org Web Site www flahum org Hardin, Cyndl From Sent To Subject Ravlns, Jay Thursday, November 02,2000248 PM Hardin, Cyndl RE Fla Humanities Grant Cyndl, sounds ltke you have It covered Thanks -----Onglnal Message----- From Hardin Cyndl Sent Thursday, November 02, 2000 2 13 PM To Ravlns, Jay Cc Stone, Ralph Subject Fla Humanities Grant Jay-I received the Info from the Humanities CounCil I will send you copies via Interoffice mall-they Include the budget, Mr Stephenson's narrative on the grant work, and the letter of agreement signed by Ralph for the City I hope this IS all that you need to complete your file-If not, please let me know According to the Humanities CounCil, they do not require progress reports-only a final report which will be submitted after the public program 1 am In the process of setting the date for the public program-hopefully Nov 30 Please let me know If this IS suffiCient for your audit file Thanks Jay 1 Ruscher, Amy From Sent To Cc. Subject HardIn, Cyndl Friday, November 03,2000429 PM Ravlns, Jay Stone, Ralph, Ruscher, Amy Payment on the FI Humanities Grant 1-107-&[1.0- ISgf) We have now scheduled the presentatIon by the grantee for Nov 30~the presentation will complete the maJonty of his grant responsibilities I would like to pay him half of the grant amount ($1,000) now and the balance as soon after the Nov 30 meeting as possible Please advise of what paperwork we needl to do to start this half payment Thanks for your help Jay \\Q\\~ * 6Cl\,~~ (l ~ ~~O ~ i\:' ~~ t\:- \ C\~\C\ ;;ffl t'7 b :\1:- \ Ol\d '(~ -p~ fex- $ \~ -BO C{)~. 1 Ruscher, Amy From Sent To Subject Hardin, Cyndl Thursday, November 09,2000929 AM Ruscher, Amy FW Payment on the FI Humanities Grant Amy-please do this We have already received the grant money from the FI Humanities Council which will be used to pay Bruce Ste phenso n-<:' 1 have ag reed with Bruce to pay him $1000 now ASAP and the ba I a n ce of $1000 after th e N ov 30 meetmg and he delivers his report I will give you my file-feel free to copy anythmg you need to do this paperwork I need my file back Smce we won't have an mvolce from Bruce, prepare a memo for my signature explalnmg the above payment method- reason bemg IS that he mcurred expenses for his research this summer (reason for paYing him half now) The balance paid when he completes the grant which reqUIres him to have the public meeting and deliver the report Please do ASAP-I told Bruce we would get him paid soon Thanks -----Ongmal Message---- From Ravlns, Jay Sent Thursday November 09, 2000 5 04 AM To Hardm, Cyndl Cc McKibben, George SChill, Barbara Subject RE Payment on the FI Humanities Grant ---t\ /.1?/K.d n r,ff- tJdL./7.;).,y ;U(ft S:S'$5oq-5"-~ Cyndl, sorry for the delay In respondlllg to tIllS Please have someone on your staft prepare <1 purchase req for the full $2,000 wlth the explanation that It IS unpractical to bid Via the nature of the grant After the POlS Issued, you will then need to "receive" the $1,000 and fOf\\ald dn l11VOICe to Flll<Ulee with the PO numbel dnd receipt number rcferenced on the InVOICC ^b~ent an lllVOlce, provIde a memo explallllng the payment with the grant agreement, ete , dttached to document I'm out of the office until Monday but George McKIbben can aSSI:,t you or your :,ldffwlth any questIons regardmg tillS I apologIze again for the delay In leplymg to yoUl lequest Thanks ~ p S P lease contact Barbara Sch 111, Finance, fa r the eodc to charge the $2,000 purchase 1 eq u IS It I on to "I hanks - 53Q /(Qf)- Jay Ravins City of Clearwater Fmance Department 100 S Myrtle, Clearwater, FL 33756-5520 727-562-4533 Fax 4535 Jravms@clearwater-fl com ----Ongmal Message----- From Hardin Cyndl Sent Friday, November 03,2000429 PM To Ravlns Jay Cc Stone, Ralph, Ruscher, Amy Subject Payment on the FI Humanities Grant We have now scheduled the presentation by the grantee for Nov 30-the presentation will complete the majority of hiS grant responsibilities I would like to pay him half of the grant amount ($1,000) now and the balance as soon after the Nov 30 meeting as possible Please adVise of what paperwork we need to do to start thiS half payment Thanks for your help Jay 1 Ruscher, Amy From Sent To Subject Murray, Michael Monday, November 27,2000 1201 PM Ruscher, Amy RE Req # 19219 for Dr Bruce Stephenson REQ 19219 HAS BECOME PO 27176 YOU NEED TO RECEIVE ON LINE, AND CONTACT ACCOUNTS PAYABLE WITH THE PO # AND RECEIPT INFORMATION SO THEY CAN PROCESS THE CHECK -----Ongmal Message----- From Ruscher, Amy Sent Monday, November 27, 20001027 AM To Murray, Michael Subject Req # 19219 for Dr Bruce Stephenson Mike, Happy Holidays I Just did a Req for the above mentioned # and Person We would like to pay this person $1 000 00 on Th ursday, N ovem ber 30th at the presentation Do you th In k th at th IS will be don e by that tl me so that I can pay him Let me know Thank you for your help with this matter Amy Ruscher Planning Department 562-4579 1 PURCHASE ORDER NO 699 0000027176 000 MAIL TWO COPIES OF INVOICE TO CITY OF CLEAHWArER PURCHASING DIVISION . . PO BOX4748 PO DATE CLEARWATER, FLORIDA 33758-4748 I _ RI DA SALES TAX EXEMPTION CERT NO 62.02-134859-54C 11/27 /0 0 FEDERAL EXCISE TAX EXEMPTION NO 59-78-010SK REQID DATE: ASAP CiTY OF CLEARWATER FINANCE DEPARTMENT PO BOX 4748 CLEARWATER, FLORIDA 33758-4.7'48 SHIP TO PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SERVICES 100 S. MYRTLE AVE. CLEARWATER FL 33756 VENDOR NAME DR BRUCE STEPHENSON l~ r 1445 MAYFIELD AVE ATTENT!ON 24 HOUR ADVANCE NOTIFICATION REQUIRED ON ALL SHIPMENTS TO CITY OF CLEARWATER LOCATIONS 01 RECT ALL COMMU NICATIONS ON THIS ORDER TO WINTER PARK DEPARTMENT PLANNING SERVICES ITEM 001 2000 FL 32789 A RUSCHER 727/562-4579 FOB PAYMENT TERMS CLEARWATER NET UNIT DESCRIPTION TOTAL PRICE UNIT PRICE EACH Public Presentation 1.00 2000.00 FREIGHT TOTAL AMT TOTAL ~OU~ ,/, /., 2000 /--- %0~ ~/, ~:ee""~ / DISCOUNTS On any dl5COU nl time Will be computed from dale of satIsfactory delivery of all Items or from dale correct I nvolCe IS recEllved, whichever IS the later dale THE CITY OF CLEARWATER MAY CANCEL THIS ORDER EITHER ORALLY OR IN WAITING, AT NO COST TO THE CITY, IF ANY ITEMS DO NOT ARRIVE BY THE DATE REQUIRED AND/OR IF ANY DO NOT CONFORM TO SPECIFI- CATIONS NON CONFORMING ITEMS WILL BE HELD FOR THIRTY (30) DAYS PENDING RECEIPT OF DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS FROM VENDOR AFTER WHICH TIME THEY WILL BE DISPOSED OF AS SURPLUS CITY OWNED PROPERTY TITLE RlIE:QJUISITIONIERS CO~" ~ ,tlearwater : ~"~47:' U Planrung and Development Servlces AdITum~uatJon TO Finance FROM Amy Ruscherl Cyndl Hardin SUBJECT PO # 27176 DATE 11-27-00 J am sendIng you this memo In absent of an inVOiCe, In hopes that you can process a check for the Planning Department Jay Ravms suggested that we send this memo to you with copies of the grant agreement so that you may be able to cut a check Dr Bruce Stephenson will be makmg a presentatlon on Thursday November 30, 2000 and Cyndl Hardin, Assistant Planning Director has Informed him that we would pay him $100000 at the tIme of the presentation a nd then $1000 00 at a late r date Since th IS IS G ra nt Money we don't have an inVOice to gIve to you I have attached all copies of correspondence that J have so that you have any back up information that may help you I would like to receive the check by Wed) November 29, 2000 If possible Please contact me If you have any questions at 562-4579 I would appreciate If you can let me know what the status of this Will be Thank you for your attention to this matter l.z<?-:J' \ q ~\9 \)0 -~'F t~rl \ \'-{) 'D ~ \!, Q C"-Q,-~\ '\oF \ (fl~t::$:;) Ruscher, Amy From Sent To Subject j C1.6D",,<NA~~. l\,{j-- ~- ~ THE IMPRACTICAL TO BID JUSTIFICATION WILL REQUIRE DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR APPROVAL, ONCE APPROVED, NOTIFY ME AND I WILL ISSUE THE PO Murray, Michael Monday, November 27,20001057 AM Ruscher, Amy RE Req # 19219 for 0 r Bruce Step henson -.---Ongmal Message----- From Ruscher, Amy Sent Monday, November 27, 2000 1027 AM To Murray, Michael Subject Req # 19219 for Dr Bruce Stephenson Mike, Happy Holidays I Just did a Req for the above mentioned # and Person We would lIke to pay thIs person $100000 on Thursday, November 30th at the presentation Do you thmk that this will be done by that time so that I can pay him Let me know Thank you for your help with this matter Amy Ruscher Planmng Department 562-4579 $() ~ a'111lo (2~ W- \ ()l.\~'63 ~~ G(\~ $ \ t)0)~_ 0-0 . 1 Ruscher, Amy From Sent To Cc Subject Ravlns, Jay Monday, November 27,2000335 PM Ruscher, Amy Hardin, Cyndl, Schill, Barbara RE Payment on the FI Humanities Grant Amy, sorry, 1 talked to Bal bara and apparently It was Just mlscommUlllcatlon She thought YOll alrcady kncw the 181 program code and YOll were only needmg the expend ItUI e code Full code should have been 181-99128-530100-515- 000 We w1l1 correct the chargc(s) wIth a Journal entry Thanks ----Onglnal Message---- From Ruscher, Amy Sent Monday, November 27,2000233 PM To Ravlns, Jay Subject RE Payment on the FI Humanities Grant Jay, I called Barbara and asked her today what code this should be charged to and she gave me the code that I have put It under Please let me know If you can make that change or If I need to do It? -----Onglnal Message----- From: Ravlns, Jay Sent: Monday, November 27,20002 29 PM To Hardin, Cyndl, Ruscher, Amy Ce' SChill, Barbara Subject FW Payment on the FI Humanities Grant Cyndl, Amy, "ve ale processmg thc chcck for Bruce Stephenson per your deadilne and the check will be ready by Wednesday However I am confused why you are chargmg It to your departmental budget rather than agal11st the $2,000 lec.elved from FHC? Pcr my E-Mail 1 had asked you to contact Barbara to get the proper code to charge your P 0 to Was thIs overlooked or did YOll decide to charge to your department? Please let me know so that we can get It corrected If m error Thanks -----Onglnal Message--- From Ravlns, Jay Sent Thursday November 09, 2000 5 04 AM To Hardin, Cyndl Cc McKibben, George, Schill Barbara SubJecl RE Payment on the FI Humanities Grant Cyndl_ sorry for the delay m respondmg to thiS Please have somconc on your staff pI eparc a purchase req for the full $2,000 With the explanatIOn that It IS Impracttcal to bId vIa the nature of the grant Aftcr the POlS If:>f:>ued, you will then need to "reccI ve" the $1.000 dnd forward an 1I1VO Ice to F 1I1ance with the P 0 n um ber an d rece I pt number referenced on the 1I1VOlce Abf:>ent an 1I1VOlce, provIde d memo cxpla1l11llg the pdyment WIth the grant agreement, etc , dUdched to document I'm out of the office unIt! Monday but George McKI bbcn can assl~t you or your statf WIth any questtons rcgardlllg tillS [apologIze agal1l for the delay 111 replymg to your request Thanks P S Please contact Barbara Scht!l, F1I1ance, for the c.ode to charge the $2,000 purchasc requIsition to Thanks Jay Ravin5 City of Clearwater Finance Department 100 S Myrtle, Clearwater, FL 33756-5520 727.562-4533 Fax 4535 1 ,~ , _I (1 I'" i...;:' ....~ M~l ,-) hJ ,- '/, ~:~ j 1-. 1 ! 1 I i~s I I , !--J I "Lf,.-.11 " >- 1 '-' \.) I~ !9 ,,) II' r I~ Ii __ Ij'l I : ~l II 1 T i~ IF: J::j II~ I ~ l-- J::; 1 Ir, I I~ !:~ I~ Jz I~ 10 I,,' ,~ In r--I~ I IE , (0 I l ~~ ! In 1 ' ! I I" I ;~ ' 1.1: rol I ~ I'::; I 1 1 , 1 I ! , ( , , -, ( ) .' ( > , ) 1 , , I i , , I , 1 i -I ,-, ,- ,- I, l~ , , ~ C It.) , f (,=-, ", fJL' ("~, t J i/l .).- j ..... ~ -I ' J _"!I'1""- ~l ( I ~ j e"J ) ~ ~l !-... (: )..o! 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A Vision of Green Lewis Mumford)s Legacy in Portlan~ Oregon R Bruce Stephenson I have seen a lot of scenery In my lIfe, but I have seen nothIng so tempt- Ing as a home for man than thIs Oregon country You have the basIS here for CIVIlIzatIon on ItS highest scale LeWIS Mumford (1938a, p 26) Portland provides the reigning model for growth management In the United States While a political culture con- dUCive to regional planning arose a generation ago, the urban VISion that Portland IS now approaching was ar- ticulated decades earlier This article examines LeWIS Mumford's Regional Planmng In the Northwest, a work actiVISts used to promote and eventually create a Metropolitan Greenspace System ThiS plan was one of two that Mum ford authored, and while little more than a VISionary gUIde, It prOVides In Sight mto both the peculiar nature of the Portland planning system and the planning philosophy of America's most renowned urbanist expenments m urban polIcy here [(Portland) have] ImplicatIons for commumtIes across the country struggling WIth problems of traffic and growth, of blIghted center-city neIghborhoods and suburbs en- croachIng on farms and forests DaVId Broder (1998, p M2) Portland IS a premier "green CIty" whose quality of lIfe IS conSIstently ranked among the hIghest In the Umted States (Chapman & Starker, 1987, Fnedman, 1993, Partners for LIvable CommumtIes, 1994) In an era when government plannmg IS Viewed as a problem, not a solution, Port- land proVIdes a rare model for melding envIronmental protection and a booming economy (ArtlbISe, Moudon, & Seltzer, 1997, Easterbrook, 1995, Egan, 1996) "Even more shockIng," wrote colummst E ] DlOnne,]r, "the planmng system-In place SInce 1973-IS popular" (DIonne, ]r, 1997, p A27) Yet, even In thIS planmng Mecca, half a century lapsed before CItIZenS moved toward the regIonal CIty LeWIS Mumford had enVISIOned Explonng the slow realIzatIon of Mumford's vIsion not only opens another chapter In Portland's plannIng hIStory (Abbott, 1983, Blackford, 1993, MacColl, 1979), It may also help other metropolitan regIons tryIng to replicate the Oregon growth management model Portland hnes both Sides of the WIllamette River Just south of ItS Junc- ture With the ColumbIa RIver The surroundmg landscape IS a scemc mIX of bucolIc farmland, evergreen forests, and commandIng mountain peaks HIS- tOrically, Portland's economy centered on tImber and agriculture, which made the landscape a common bond In the life of reSIdents and a central concern for numerous plans (Artlblse, Moudon, & Seltzer, 1997) The long- standIng effort to systematically preserve the northern WIllamette Valley's sceruc and productive landscape IS due, In part, to a "moralIStIC polItICal cul- Stephenson IS an associate professor In the EnVironmental Studies Depart- ment, and d,rectorofGrowth Manage- ment Studies at Rollins College, Win- ter Park, FlOrida He IS the author of ViSions of Eden Envlfonmentallsm, Urban Planning and City Building In St Petersburg. Ronda (OhiO State Press, 1997) and an environmental planner With Michael DeSIgn ASSOCiates Journal of the Amencan Planmng AwClatlon, Vol 65, No 3, Summer 1999 iDAmencan Plannmg AsSOCiation, Chicago, IL APAJOURNAL'SUMMER 1999 259 R BRUCE STEPHENSON ture" (Abbott, 1994, p 207) that values the publIc good over the IndIVIdual SInce 1970, Portlanders have gener- ally accepted the notlon that government should enforce a system of publIc planmng and land-use controls to gUIde pnvate land developers toward collective goals (Abbott, 1994) WhIle a umque polItical culture under- lIes Portland's growth management system, good for- tune has also contnbuted The creation of Forest Park, the largest wIlderness preserve In an Amencan CIty, typIfies the Portland expe- nence In 1903,John Olmsted, Fredenck Law Olmsted's stepson, recommended establIshIng a lInear park along the Tualatln Ridge on the west SIde of Portland The Parks Board executed only a portion of the Olmsted plan, and almost all of the TualatIn Ridge remaIned In pnvate hands In 1915, subdIVIders platted 1,400 acres along the ndge and Investors were soon secured Road bUIldIng, however, proved too dIfficult on the steep slopes and the project collapsed The CIty gamed title to the property, but Olmsted's proposal remaIned buned untIl the CIty hIred Robert Moses In 1943 to delIneate publIc projects for postwar development Moses reJuve- nated the Idea of a "Forest Park," recommendIng "that the steep wooded hIllsIdes located on the westerly border of the City be placed In public ownershIp" (Moses, 1943, p 38) After the war, a "CommIttee ofFlfty" champIoned Moses' proposal and, In September 1948, the CIty Coun- cIl dedicated 4,200 acres to create Forest Park (Houle, 1988) Today thIS 5,000-acre preserve lies In the mIdst of one of the natIOn's faster growmg urban regIOns, a prod- uct of VISIOn, perseverance, and luck LIke the Olmsted bluepnnt for Forest Park, LeWIS Mumford's summons for a green, regional CIty waIted for decades until finally resurrected In the late 1980s Lewis Mumford's Vision of Green In hIS first book, The Story ofUtopzas (1922), Mum- ford Introduced the concept of regzonalzsm, a phIlosophIC template to gUIde modern CIty-buIldIng around the con- structs of nature (LuccarellI, 1995, Thomas, 1990) All IndIVIduals and SOCIetieS hold utopIan notions of a bet- ter lIfe, but WIthout a VISIOn that Incorporates lImIts as well as aspIratIOns, he wrote, "the outlook for our CIVI- lIzation IS almost as dIsmal as Herr Spengler finds It In DerUntergangdesAbendlandes" (Mumford, 1922, p 268) SCIence and technology were remakIng the world, but Mumford feared that If these forces were not channeled Into "human patterns," IndIViduals would be cut off from nature and become as standardIzed as the modem CIty'S groWIng prohferatIon of machInes He advocated regIOnal surveys as the means to focus SCientIfic studIes on the needs of the local commumty, whIle the Garden 260 APAJOURNAL 0 SUMMER 1999 CIty concept prOVIded the model for bUIldIng eutopzas- "good places" that "spnng out of the realmes of our en- VIronment" (Mumford, 1922, p 307) In 1927, In hIS keynote address at the National CIty Planmng Conference, Mumford challenged the natIon's planners to adopt a regIonal perspective He chastised the profeSSIon's bent for VIeWIng CItleS as machInes de- SIgned for productIOn rather than bIOlogICal orgamsms capable of reproductlon "City planmng can do nothIng on thIS basIS whIch cannot be done Just as well as a mat- ter of engIneenng techmque, and Just as blindly from the SOCIal standpOInt, In the mumCIpal engIneer's office" (Mumford, 1927, p 47) Unless planners recogmzed re- gional enVIronmental constraInts, cltles would pass "the limits of functional SIze and use" (p 48) Mumford re- counted a sequence of detenoratIon that occurred when past urban CIVIlizations exceeded natural limIts Pen ods of exceSSIve growth were followed by ecologIcal cata- strophe and then the collapse of cmes and CIVIlIzation The "necropohs" or dead CIty, Mumford cautioned, was the fate of any SOCIety that promoted unhmlted growth (p 48) Another decade elapsed, however, untIl hiS Ideas gaIned national attentlon In 1938, Mumford's career reached ItS apex After a gruelIng 2-year WrItIng schedule, he pubhshed The Cul- ture of Ones to laudatory reVIews In thIS nch study, Mum- ford analyzed the evolution of the modern CIty and cn- tlqued Amencan CIVIlization The world's first consumer economy had no bounds GIVen the capabIlmes of mod- em technology, the natlon's rapId urbanIzatIOn posed a speCIal problem Amenca's frontIer hentage had created a culture that excelled at explomng nature's bounty, but In theIr fervor Amencans had f31led to construct stable or well-deSigned commumtles The accelerated expan- SIOn of urban Amenca dunng the 1920s testIfied to the effiCIency of mass productIOn techmques, but standard- Ized projects followed a factory-style regImen that lacked personal or cultural functlons Just as the factory was de- SIgned to assemble and mobIlize workers, the modem City was becomIng a center for assemblIng and moblhz- Ing consumers SInce hIS first book, Mumford had wnt- ten of urban dwellers evolVIng Into robots, removed from nature, dependent upon artIfiCIal means for sur- VIVal, and programmed to consume In The Culture of Ones, he argued that the CIty was no longer a place to lIve, but a place to buy "A rootless world removed from the sources of lIfe a Plutoman world, In WhICh hVIng forms become frozen Into metal cltles defilIng theIr own nest, reachIng Into the sky after the moon more paper profits, more vlcanous substitutes for hfe" (Mumford, 1938b, p 255) In 1938, Mumford's appearance on the cover ofTzme not only attested to hIS stature as a wnter, but to hIS A VISION OF GREEN growmg mfluence In the ongomg expenments to re- structure Amencan lIfe In contrast to most of the mteI- lecrualleft, Mumford's ViSion of a better sOClety was tmted with green rather than red HIS enVlronmenraltsm had a revolu tionary edge, as he pushed "to transcend the machlOe, and to create a new blOlogical and SOCial enVl- ronment" (Mumford, 1938b, p 492) But he eschewed radical change for an orderly transformanon that would btlng urban civihzatlOn mto harmony with evolution- ary and orgamc patterns (Luccarellt, 1995, MIller, 1989) The New Deal green belt towns outside Milwaukee, Cm- cmnatI, and Washmgton, DC, put Mumford's theotles to the test and, at the same tIme, augmented hIS stature as Amenca's leadmg urbanist Regional Planning in Portland The acclaim that greeted The Culture ofOttes afforded Mumford the luxury to travel and explore new possibtl- ltles Out of a flood of offers, he accepted requests from Honolulu and the Northwest ReglOnal Counal (NRC), a nonprofi t reglOnal plannmg grou p, to work as a consul- tant for the first time (MIller, 1989) The Culture of Ones was "causmg young men to see VISiOns and old men to dream dreams," the NRC's Ben KlZer wrote to Mumford After this "tremendous task of composmg The Culture of Ctttes, new scenes, new aspects of human effort and hu- man folly might rest and refresh the spmt" (KIzer, 1938, p 4) The opportunlty to ViSIt a reglOn long assocIated WIth Eden attracted the weary author The offer to study "what the government IS domg WIth the Columbia, that great river of power, beauty and greatness" (p 3) ensured hiS servIces In 1937, the openmg of the BonnevIlle Dam had gIven regIOnal plannmg ItS first foothold m Portland (Robbms, 1997). "The BonneVIlle Dam was a fine pIece of planmng," Earl Riley, Portland commiSSIOner and future mayor, stated m hIS address to the 1937 Oregon Planmng Conference (Oregon State Plannmg Board, 1937, p 15). The 300 planmng advocates gath- ered m Portland were UnIted by the bebef that the new energy source offered the means to stimulate the econ- omy and reduce "haphazard growth" (p 17) A wave of migratIon from the Dust Bowl had diminIshed the sup- pi y of affordable land, but With the Bonnevule complex, stated Walter Blucher, executive dtrector of the Amen- can SOClety ofPlannmg OffiClals, "new growth can be the dehverance or the destruction of the area, depend- mg on how It IS controlled ThIS IS the only place m the UOlted States new enough so that you can make It become a land fIowlOg With milk and honey I hope you won't spoil It" (p 18) That summer, Portland's Reed College hosted a fo1- FIGURE 1. The Bonneville Dam under construction, with Mt. Hood in the background. (Oregon HistOrical SOCiety, negatIve no 65247) low-up meetmg to discuss creatmg an agency for dls- semmarmg research on regIOnal Issues and coordmat- mg planmng efforts The mIX of academlCs, planners, and resource managers agreed that "only an impartIal agency, free from polmcal mfIuence, and finanCially 10- dependent of speClal IOterest grou ps could fill the need" (NRC, 1943, P 8) A steermg committee orgamzed the NRC's first conference and garnered a 3-year, $74,000 Rockefeller Foundation grant to establIsh a three- person staff III Portland (NRC, 1943) After the NRC opened Its new office, KIzer wrote Mumford Implonng him "to make a SWift reconnaIS- sance of thIS regIOn and diSCUSS our plans with us, cntiClzmg and helpmg us develop them" (KIzer, 1938, P 2) It was a umque opportumry In The Culture of Ones Mumford had concentrated on replannmg mature re- gtOns, but "here," as Kizer put it was "a new land, WIth new possIbilItIes of development, With Vlrgm resources" (p 2) Mumford agreed to spend 2 weeks tOurmg the North west and to delIver a senes oflectures on the pros- pects for regIOnal planmng Like many before hIm, the worldly traveler was APAJOURNAL' SUMMER i999 261 R. BRUCE STEPHENSON transfixed by Oregon's landscape "What I have seen WIth my eyes has been fabulously beautIful the Great Dou- glas firs" and the "snow swept crest ofMt Hood, rlsmg above nm after nm of stark mountam~" (Mumford, 1938d, p 3) The loggmg operations, however, amounted to a "massacre" (Mumford, 1938e, p 2) The wasteful practices of these "hard-bItten busmessmen" did not stem from greed, Mumford believed, but from the de~lrc for power "for nothmg tesnfies to power like the ablhty to destroy" (p 2) The picturesque Columbm River Gorge east of Port- land espeCIally tntngued him The "abrupt rocks and water falls" remmded him of the "grear Chmese pamt~ mgs of the claSSIc era E~thetlcall y, perha ps, the greatest landscape I have ever seen," he wrote, "surpassmg In m- tensl ty even HawaII" (M umfo rd, 1938d, pp 3 -4) En- croachmg md ustnal development, however, marred this natural masterpiece ThIS preyed on Mumford A local hlstonan wrote that hIS response, debvered to Portland's City Club, "set the narrow-mmded busmess communrty on their ear" (DeMarco, 1991, p 129) In hl~ speech to the City Club, Mumford proposed that Porrlanders could "do a Job of City plannmg lIke nowhere else 10 the world" (Mumford, 1938a, p 26) But after encountermg the "neglect m lettmg this fine land With 1[$ wonderful scenrc beauty get away from you, It made me wonder," he asked, "If you are good enough to have It 10 your possessIOn;:' Have you enough mtellI- gence, ImagmatlOn, and cooperatIOn among you to make the best use of these oppOrtuOlnes;:''' (p 26) He summoned busmess leader':> to "contro] more vigor- ously" (p 26) the land along the Columbia because m- dustry had already deCimated some of the most scemc sltes After thls engagement, Mumford's tnp devolved mto a fast-paced, perfunctory exerCIse, "even speakmg, God save me," he confided ill a personal letter, "to the [Seattle] Chamber of Commerce 1" (M umford, 1938e, p 3) "Out of It all much wIll come" (p 3), but he was un- SUited for the "role of honored aurhonty" (Mumford, 1938c, p 2) WhIle thiS role was gratlfymg, he felt rushed, "empty," and yearned for the "whole hfe" (p 2) "A week of rest on my native SOl]," he wrote a fnend, "WIll cause me to pUt forth green shoots agam" (Mumford, 1938d, p 5) Regional Planning in the Northwest Mumford's "green shoots" sprouted when he penned RegIOnal Planmng In the Northwest that fall The 20- page memorandum outlmed an alternative to the "false ambltlons and stultIfYmg slogans" that constituted Portland's "melancholy plan" (Mumford, 1939a, p 2) 262 APAJOURNAL'SUMMER 1999 He advocated a "change of drrecnon" (p 3) m planmng to cOillClde With the new powel-generatmg capaClty of the BonneVIlle complex Mumford adhered to an "en- ergy utoplanlSffi," a belief that once reglOns SWitched energy sources, the potennal for change would dramat- ICallyaccelerate In the Northwest, the new power sys- tem was the mean~ ta decenrraltze population mto gar- den Clnes and reduce pOllutIOn m city centers (White, 1995) Mumford envlslOned Portland branchmg IntO a se- nes of "urban lnter-reglOn[s]" (Mumford, 1939a, p 11) that balanced functIOn and aesthetics He recommended greemng the CIty's central core and enhancmg the m- dustnal and cultural base of smaller towns to foster the "reforestatIOn" of urban culture and ~tem "soClal ero- sIOn" (p 20) Directmg growth lOto a system of mter- connected "greenbelt towns" would ease congestlon, whtle new development would spread around, not over, the Wtllamette Valley's fertIle land and sceniC Sites Funds spent on "urban rehabllItanon" and garden Clry deSIgn, Mumford concluded, "would obViate the very need for grandIOse engmeenng expenments to whICh we are all by sheer mertla and fashIOn, too eaSIly commlt- ted" (p 19) To mstltute thiS V1Slon, a "regIOnal authonty" need- ed "to plan, to zone, to purchase and to dispose ofland" (Mumford, 1939a, pp 14-15) Its "first duty" would be to channel development "mta pomts of maxImum advan- tage Without mfrmgmg upon the angmal beautles of nature" (p 13) The authon ty should also" carry ou t the details" of planmng and have the power to over-nde "short-Sighted local Opposltlon" (p 15) These "collec- tive democratic controls" would mhIblt property nghts, bur Mumford forecasted correspondmg reductiOns m "disorder foul bUlldmg pracnces, duphcated rall- road systems, abandoned loggmg towns, and dead mm- mg camps" (p 7) In addltlon, greenbelt towns Wlth af- fordable housmg and mtegrated tranSpOrtation systems would "proVide a speClal mVI tatlOn to settlement by new mdusrnes" (p 11) Mumford remamed a utopIan at heart "\'{1hat Chns- nanlty expressed lO terms of heaven," he pIctured "m terms of dally hVlOg" (Mumford, 1938b, p 378) He sought to reVIve the "orgamc commumty" (Blake, 1990, p 200), a tradItIOnal form balancmg work, nature, and CIVIC responslblhry, m a reglOn blessed With a landscape of"overpowenng beauty" (Mumford, 1939a, p 1) A ren- aissance would ensue, he hoped, once nature became an actIve component of culture, and culture, 10 turn, har- momzed around nature Once "people know m de- tatl where they !tve and how they live, they WIll be umted by a common feelmg for thelr landscape, theIr hterature, and their language" (Mumford, 1938b, p 386) Then the _A VISION OF GREEN FIGURE 2. The ColumbIa River Gorge. (Courtesy of the USDA Forest SefVlce ) norrhern Wtllamette Valley would offer a place to lIve Mumford's chenshed "good hfe,"j rather than merely pursumg the goods ofhfe The NRC pnnted 1,500 caples of Regtonal Plannmg m the Northwest and cIrculated all but 20. Mumford an- tICIpated returnmg to Portland In May 1940, to dehver the commencement address at Reed College and to re- examme the reglOo He cancelled the engagement, how- ever, because hIS mterest m planning and archItecture seemed ((the most pusdlammous act 10 the world" wIth the threat of"Hltlensm trlumphant" (Mumford, 1939b, pp 1-2) In a "world gettmg blacker" (p 1), Mumford turned hIS attennon to prepanng the nanon for amonu- mental crusade. Mumford never returned ro Portland, and the Im- medlate impact of hIS work was negligIble The weakness of RegtonaI Planning m the Northwest, like all Mumford's wntmg on reglOnal plannmg, was his polmcs HIS goal was a SOCIety of cultured cltIzens, but experts had to dI- rect the "gropmg Intelligence and under-lYIng desires of the ma;otlty" (Blake, 1990, p 283) towards new Ideals PolitIcs for Mumford, Casey Blake writes, "rested on demonstranon, not argument, on expert gUidance, not popular partiCIpatiOn, and on assen t, not consensus" (p 283) The NRC promoted Mumford's VlSion, but It never moved beyond academia and New Deal agenCIes By 1943 the NRC ceased operations because!t faded to gaIn backmg from the pnvate sector That same year, at the urging of bus mess leaders, the City hlred New York's Robert Moses (who labeled Mumford "an outspoken revolutionary" [Caro, 1975, p 471]) to plan Portland's postwar transltlon (Abbott, 1993) For the most part, Moses' plan reIterated proJects, such as Olmsted's Forest Park proposal, outhned 10 ear- her plans He dtd, however, expand the role of public fa- CllItles and the auto (MacColl, 1979) "What triumphed 10 wartlme Portland was a conceptIOn of planmng as a prelude to CIvil engmeerlng," wrote Carl Abbott (1983, p 144) Rather than Mumford's complex of garden cltles, Robert Moses' "engmeered City" would gUide plan- ners In Portland after World War II APAJOURNAL' SUMMER 1999 263 R. BRUCE STEPHENSON The "Oregon Experiment" in Portland In the decade after 1945, plannmg rarely moved be- yond the realm of traffic engmeenng or pubhc works m greater Portland Except for Forest Park, Moses' major CIViC lmprovements were never realized, and the quest for suburban land often made desIgn gUldehnes superflu- ous For mstance, grocer Fred Meyer, the reglOn's lead- mg retaller, moved hlS proJecrs outside of Portland If they were constramed by plannmg regulatlOns The reglOn's rapid suburban growth paralleled rhe natIonal expen- ence, bu r a dlStIllct uneasmess also rook hold '~J erked by the war from an Arcadian existence among flowets and firs, It looks back longmgly. ." RIchard Neuberger wrote m his expose on Portland for the Saturday Evenmg Post (1947, p 23) Residents wanted "their Eden unrusrurbed" (p 23) and m the midst of an eConomIC boom thIS gave the City "a spItt personaln:y" (p. 23), accordmg to the fu- ture Oregon senator \Vhde Neuberger expressed Port- landers' reluctance to see theIr City become "a swash- bucklmg, mdustrlal giant" (p 23), the threar of urban sprawl would later engender Similar feelmgs In 1969, explodmg urban growth m the WIllamette Valley pushed Governor Tom McCall to make land use plannmg a "statewIde, not merely local, concern" (Mac- ColI, 1995, p 205) Urban pollutlOn, the loss of nch farmland to "leap-frog" subdiVIsions, and a fear that the state's renowned "bvablhty" was m declme all fueled Ore- gon's plannmg revolutlon (Abbott, 1983, MacColl, 1995) McCall, a mavenck Repubhcan, VOIced the con- cerns of both the rural and urban constituents who "thought land was too valuable" to let "the ticky-tacky treadmIll of development" destroy Oregon's natural re- sources (Walth, 1995, P 246) Dunng hIs first term (1966-1970), McCall pushed Oregon mro the forefront of envIronmental reform, and, m 1969, Senate Bill 10 es- tablIshed the natIon's firsr comprehensIve plannmg act In hIS second term (1970-1974), McCall renewed hIS plannmg crusade In the openmg address to the 1973 State Legislature The former Journalist touched a com- mon nerve among Oregolllans, especIally those west of the Cascades, by denounCIng the "coastal condomallla and the ravenous rampage of suburbia 10 the WIllamette Valley" (DeGrove, 1984, p 237). Compllmg plans was not enough to rem In the "graspmgwastrels of the land," who "mock Oregon's status as the enVironmental model for the nation" (p 237) The Legislatute followed Mc- Call's lead and III 1973 passed Senate 8111100 (58 100), which reqUlred local governments to formulate com- prehenSIVe plans that met state-mandated goals The new act led to the estabhshment of sratewlde goals, one of whlCh reqUired deSignated terntonallrmits 264 APAJOURNAL. SUMMER 1999 - for each CIty In Portland the regIOnal Metropohtan Ser- vICes District (Metro) was directed to manage and deSign an Urban Growth Boundary (UGB), encompasSlOg 24 Cines and pornons of three counnes 1 The Implementa- non oESB 100 cOlncided With a deep receSSIOn III the Oregon economy Dunng thiS penod of slowed growth, consensus bUlldlOg III Ponland faced relatIvely httle pressure from development mterests In 1978 voters ap- proved a new charter that gave Metro formal powers for regIonal plannmg ThIS referendum made Metro the na- non's only duectly elected regIOnal government, con- slstmg of a 12-member board and an executIve officer (DeGrave, 1992, Poulsen, 1987) A year later, the State accepted Metro's UGB (which conramed 364 square miles), and Portland would become the one Amencan metropolIs that could be descnbed, mJames Kunsrler's words, as "LeWIS Mumford's dream come true" (Kunst- ler, 1993, p 205) SB 100 revolutlomzed the planmng process, but a number of obstacles remalned before Portland could be- come the green City Mumford had envisIOned The UGB protected farmlands and forests from urban encroach- ment, but Within the UGB httle had been done to safe- guard the natural landscape GoalS, one of the 14 State goals for plannmg, reqUlres local governments "to con- serve open space and protect nacural and hlstonc re- sources for future generatIons" (Oregon State Plannmg Goals, 1994, p 300) S8 100, however, fatled to reqUire standardized mvenrones or methods of data collectIon, resultmg In plans of wtldly dIvergent qualtry GoalS also orders a "balancmg" between economIC and enVirOn- mental factors m the review of development proposals, but WIthout gUldelmes, local governments showed broad discretIOn III theIr deCISIOns Plannmg depart- ments often relted on volunteers to lllVentory natural areas and even mOilltor sltes after condltlons were placed on development projects 10 envlronmentally SenSItIVe areas Metropolitan Greenspaces: Renewing the Vision As Ponland's economy surged to life III the late 1980s, growth pressures mounted and GoalS became the rallymg pOInt for actIVists seekmg to protect the regIOn's natural beauty and ecology (Ketcham, 1994) Portland Audubon, the regIOn's most mfluentIal enVi- ronmental organizatlOn, took the lead III mventorymg natural areas for Goal 5 In the early 19805, Mike Houck, Audubon's urban naturalIst, notlced that the remammg natural corndors matched many Sites identified III the Forry-MIle Loop Trust's plan to complete the Olmsteds' ongmal system of parkways Houck, however, could A VISION OF GREEN barely pursue thIS findmg because of hIS tlme commit- ments as head of a coalltlon trymg to protect the teglOn's remalOmg natural areas 3 In 1983, the Clackamas County CommiSSion sold Deep Creek Park, a 76-acre wtldemess, to a 10gglOg com- pany for $400,000 The CommISSIOn claimed the park represented a "luxury" (Kohler, 1983, p D1) the County could no longer afford, and proceeds from the sale funded Improvements for the County's remammg parks After thiS defeat, Houck realIzed that Portland's "green City" status did not Immumze CItIzens from the con- tentIOUS land use Issues that dnve local polItics through- out the Umted States (M C Houck, personal commu- niCatIOn, Apn124, 1995) The next year, Oaks Bottom, a 160-acre wetland on the Wlllamette River, seemed destmed for a SimIlar fate Portland had acqUIred the WIllow and cottonwood swamp 25 years earher to create a park III a heaVily de- veloped area, but the City was consldenng tumlOg the site mto either a motocross course or a yacht harbor Houck employed a campaign of stealth and educanon to keep Oaks Bottom natural First, he made 40 "Oaks Bottom WIldlife Refuge" SignS and placed them through- out the property Then, at countless pubhc meetings, Houck's advocacy lOsplred conservatIomsts, key polm- Clans, and even reluctant busmess mterests to belreve that thiS npanan wetland represented a "proVidentIal gtft" (Collms, 1990, p 14) The persuaSIve naturalIst also led scores of field and canoe tnps to Introduce ntlzens and polltlnans to the 140 speCIes of bIrds nesting near the cenrral CIty In 1988, Mayor Bud Clark, who became a heron emh USlast after a Houck canoe tn p, led the CIty Counn1 m deslgnatmg Oaks Bottom as a wildlife refuge (Pierce, 1990) After thIS VICtory, a local foundatIon awarded Houck a grant to set up a Metropobtan WildlIfe Refuge System For cltlzens mtent on preservmg urban natural areas, Houck was a "Modem-day Moses" (Collms, 1990, P 14) WIth a VISIon of "the promised land of Portland' s future" (p 14) Houck, however, made It clear that before at- temptIng to secure the future, CIVIC leaders needed to re- VISIt the past In a speech to the CIty Club In 1989, he called on hiS audience to renew an old mISSion, not mvent a new one Natural corndors were essentIal for enhancmg bIodiverSIty, bur as Olmsted and Mumford argued, an mterconnected system of natural landscapes also enhanced human He (Houck, 1989) In an age of communal dlSsolutlOn, greenways offered a means, Houck argued, "to Imk people together We need to cul- tIvate-or renew-a feelmg of the landscape We need to rediscover what ltvmg here means to us on an mtultlve, visceral level" (CoIlms, 1990, p 11) After Houck's address, Metro's planmng staff Inves- tIgatedlmkmg the reglOn's natural areas With a senes of green ways Metro had shown little mterest m open-space planmng unttl a 1986 study found that local govern- ments had generally failed to address the acqUlSltlOn of wilderness preserves or to Inventory natural areas In 1989, Metro completed a reglOnal park scudy whICh found that "there was no regIOnal coorrnnatIOn m nat- ural area parks and preserves" (Metro, 1992, p 42) ThIS problem mamfested Itse1fwhen a revIralIzed economy spurred growth rates m the late 1980s By 1990, only Or- lando and Atlanta, among metropolItan areas WIth pop- ulatIOns over one mIlhon, were growmg faster than POrt- land In 1990, Metro prOJected 500,000 new reSidents by 2010, which would push the regIOn's populatIon to 1 7 millIon Caught off guard by the populatIon surge, reSI- dents feared that "the regIOn's umque Idennty" and ItS "livability" would be "compromised" (Houck & Porac- sky, 1994, p 254) In response to these concerns, Metro hlred]oseph poracsky, a geography professor at Portland State Um- verslty, to map the regIOn's natural lands 4 The study team mapped 3,600 natural Sites totalhng 119,000 acres m a 602-sq uare-mlle area After Poracsky found that only 8 5% of the natural land acreage was protected, he co- wrote a pOSItIOn paper, RecommendatlOns for a RegIOnal Sys- tem of Natural Areas, that set the gUldelmes for what be- came a Metro mltlatlve, Metropohtan Greenspaces (Houck & Poracsky, 1994) Metro worked closely WIth Houck m promotIng Its new program The agency proVIded Houck WIth office space to conduct pubhc outreach and network develop- ment after he helped the agency obtam a $1 I-millIon grant from the Intenor Department to establish the Greenspaces Program, one of two natIonal demonstra- tIon projects Houck remamed on loan from Audubon and the Wetlands Conservancy from 1989 to 1992 He mamtamed hiS mdependence from Metro so that he could contInue to serve as an advocate and crItIC of the Greenspaces Program (Howe, 1998) In 1991, the first Greenspaces brochure Introduced the concept oflmk- mg "a mosaIC of natural areas Into greenspaces, preserv- mg wildlife hablrat and craftmg greenways for aOlmals, plants, and people" (Metro, 1991) Metro staff also traced the genesIs of thIs mltlattve to the Olmsteds and LeWIS Mumford These wild lands are our legacy, remnants of the natIve landscape enjoyed by past generatIons But very httle remams The metropohtan area's bur- geonmg populatIOn could result m the extlnc- tlOn of our most wondrous expenences Nearly a century ago, the Olmsteds, the renowned land- scape archItects, proposed for us an ambItious APA JOURNAL. SUMMER 1999 265 R BRUCE STEPHENSON h scheme of mterconnected parks Three decades later, plannmg VISIonary LewIs MumfoId advo- cated a natural areas system for the regIOn Metropolttan Gteenspaces IS that renewed VlSlOn (Metro, 1991) In their advocacy of greenspaces, some enthUSiasts lost track of time and hIStory After nearby Vancouver, Washmgton, deCIded to deSign a greenway system m conjUnctIOn With Portland, the project coordmator claimed hiS msplratlOn came from "LeWIS Mumford, Portland planner, the first to have a dream of a reglOnal system of greenways back III 1903" (RIchards, 1991, p B2) Even If planners had difficulty dIsnngUl"hmg be- tween Olmsted and Mumford, they had finally come to appreCIate their sol unons for protectlllg and enhanclllg the reglOn's natural beauty In 1992, Metro pubhshedA GUldebookfor Mamtammg and Enhanctng Greater Portland's Spectal Sense a/Place (R.lbe, 1992), crafted by a team from the UmversltyofOregon's School of Landscape ArchItecture The study repnnted Mumford's challenge to the City Club, and followed hiS recommendatIon to deSign a "new urban pattern pro- vld10g a proper dlstrlbuclOn" of the three essential land- scapes "the pnmltlve, the rural, and the urban" (Mum- ford, 1939a, pp 18-19) The gUIdebook presented 10 Illustrated plannmg prlllclples to "harmolllze growth pattern s WIth regIonal landforms" (Rt be, 1992, p 5) The team also recommended a slow expanslOo of the UGB to ensure that future development followed "qualIty growth patterns" (p 51) ThatJuly, Metro completed the Greenspaces Mas- ter Plan Based on the dlsCIphne of landscape ecology, the plan sought to protect and restore the "green mfra- structure" through land acqUISItion and regulatIOn (Metro, 1992) It rook 3 more years of consensus burld- mg, however, before voters passed a $138 8-mllhon bond measure to fund a naruralland acqUISItIOn program 5 In 1992 voters also approved ahome rule charter for Metro that gave Ir a new poltrlcallegltlmacy, mcludmg the au- thonty to wnte fUnctional plans to which City and County plans had ro conform In 1994, the Metro Counerl adopted the RegIOn 2040 concept to "set the course" (Metro, 1995, p 1) for re- gIOnal plann10g over a half century In rhe future, the region's development would follow a more compact form to lessen dependence on the automobtle and to preserve open space networks In 1995, the Counerl de- bated three growth concepts ro gUIde Regwn 2040 Ex- pand the UGB by 25%, keep the UGB 10tact and funnel developmenr 111to centers and corndors With hIgh tran- Sit use, or channel new growth mto satellire CItles OUt- SIde the UGB (Merro, 1994) The Metro CounCil rejected 266 APAJOURNAL.~UMMER 1999 - the Mumforruan concept of satellIte cltles and voted to focus development wlthlO a smgle UGB Although part of hIS plan was Ignored, "the reVIval of Interest In re- gIOnal land use plann10g mdlcate~ the cont1OuatlOn of MumfOld's legacy the Importance of reonentmg 'place' as a means of SOCIal and envlronmenral reform," wntes one Mumford scholar (Luccarelh, 1995, p 220) Toward thiS end, act!vlsrs have embraced Mumford's VISIOn ro move their commulllty m a new directIOn Perhaps more than hIS plan, It IS Mumford's conception of life con- nected to communIty and nature that led Ned Gold- schmidt, former Portland mayor and governor of Ore- gon, to conel ude that "Portland IS a better CI ty thanks 10 large part to the Wisdom and foreSIght of LewIs Mum- ford" (Haar & Kayden, 1982, p 16) Today, Metro oversees an evolvmg, regIOnal erty Wilderness and agncultural greenbelts mark growrh boundanes, coherent archItecture defines commerCial cen ters, 140 mdes of tralls and green ways connecr nat- ural lands and neighborhoods, and a system of buses, trolleys, and hght rail hnes offers transportation alrerna- tlves to the automobIle By the end of 1997, Metro had acqUIred half the lands hsted on the 1995 bond measure whIle us10g only one third of the approved revenues (Hunsberger, 1998) The amenltles of thiS green City are matched by Its "silicon forest's" lucrative economIC land- scape Portland offers an evolvmg prototype m a natIon strugglmg to accommodate growth (DeGrove, 1994) Bur even here, half a cen rury elapsed before regIOnal plann10g rook hold, and questions about ItS ViabIlity remaln The economIC dynaml~m of the reglOn's SIlicon for- est and ItS pleas10g lifestyle are spurrmg a heary m-mI- gratIon that IS unhkely to slow 10 the foreseeable future Ar rhe S31lle time, development mrerests are demandmg the expansIOn of the UGB to counter nsmg urban land values (Ehrenhalt, 1997) 6 The mcrease 10 land val ues has placed open space at a premlUm, and desplre Metro's land acq UlSItlOn program, these Sl tes are bemg lost at an unprecedemed rate AccordlOg to Howe (1998), "the fact that no one can say Just how much has been lost hlgh- lighrs a fundamental weakness 111 Metro's plann10g agenda" (p 67) In part, Metro IS a victim of ItS own success The progress made 10 land acqUISitIOn could lead to the per- ceptIon that natural resource prorectIOn IS a moor pomt, when, 111 fact, Merro IS strugglmg to 1m plemem the Met- ropohtan Greenspaces Plan In Regzon 2040, planners des- Ignated 16,000 acres of envIronmemally SenSItIve land as unbUlldable Yet, until Metro adopted prOVISIons for protectmg floodpla1Os and water quaLty (TItle 3 of the Urban Growth Management FunctIOnal Plan) 10 June 1998, there were no regulatory means ro enforce rhls di- rectIve, and local governments were given 18 months to A VISION OF GREEN realIgn thelf plans to fit Metro's VISIOn Smce 1990, 1,100 housmg umts have been constructed on floodplams wlthm the UGB With the teglOn's development pres- sures, conStrucnon on SenSItiVe habItats wlll contmue unless funds and techmcal asSIstance are mvested to Im- plement the Metropolitan Greenspaces Plan "Metro- polItan Portland faces the very real prospect," Howe (1998) contends, "ofbecommg a densely developed re- glOn that 1$ devOId of wildlIfe and subject to the vaganes of nature mdudmg floods and muds IIdes" (p 71) The problem plagumg Metro parallels the mherent weakness of Mumford's reglOnahsm ReglOnal plannmg postulated by experts cannot succeed WI thout a reCl pro- cal effort at the local level Acnvlsts such as Mike Houck helped Metro set a new agenda, but the Portland model Will remam III question untIl the "cntlcal problem," whlCh Mumford ldent1fled m 1939, becomes more cen- tral to the local and reglOnal plannmg process "The cntl- cal problem IS redlstnbunng populanon 10 places of maxlmum advantage for hfe In sites that are phYSically healthy and snmulatmg, WIth a suffiClent underpmnmg of natural resources, With a suffiCient supply of SOCial faCIlIties and cultural mstltunons" (Mumford, 1939a, p 18) Despite ItS hmltatJons, Mumford's gemus rematns relevant because he fled human well-bemg to the mys- tery ofltfe He floated many though tful abstractions, bu t hlS basiC theorem never extended too far from reahty In an age devoted to consumptlOn, technology, and engl- neenng, Mumford advocated the art of deSign to solve the complex problems of urbaOlzatlOn and to mltlate a renewal of Amencan culture Communltles deSigned around the constructs of nature can sustam ecological health whtle humans confront a compleXIty, balance, and force they can neither rephcate nor fully compre- hend In ItS essence, Mumford's conceptlOn of regIOnal plannmg offers the "myth ofltfe" (Wtl1tams, 1990, p 45) ThiS optIon snll remams VIable, Mumford wrote m hiS first book, proVided "we 19nore all fake utOpIas and so- CIal myths that have proved either so stenle or diSas- trous" (Mumford, 1922, p 300) NOTES Mumford's concept of the "good life" came from the tra- dmon of public humamsm datmg back to Anstode "'Men come together In cloes,' Said Anstotle, 'm order to hve they remam together to hve the good hfe'" (Mum- ford,1938b,p 492) 2 RegIOnal planmng reappeared m Portland m 1957 when planners and office-holders 10 the three metropolitan counties III Oregon (Multnomah, Clackamas, and Wash- Ington) and Clark County, Washmgton, formed the vol- untary Portland Mettopohtan Planning CommiSSiOn (1957-1966) The CommiSSIon's cooperative effons gar- nered federal funds for studies, but It remained pnmanly a research organlZatlOn WI th httle power For more on the hiStory of regIOnal planning m Portland, see Poulsen (1987) and DeGrove (1992) 3 Houck and Esther Lev were mStrumental m orgamzmg the Fnends and Advocates of Urban Natural Areas (FAUNA) Members represented watershed protectlon groups advocarmg the preservation and enhancement of open spaces and fish and WIldlife habitat In the areas where they lived Houck also was responslble for organlZ- mg four "Country m the Clty" symposIUms at Portland State UmversIty between 1988 and 1991 Over 2,000 peo- ple hstened to experts m the fields of ecology, recreatIOn, plannmg, and landscape architecture share thelt knowl. edge of how to deSign programs to preserve and enhance urban natural areas 4 Natural areas were defined as self-sllstammg plant and animal communities largely deVOid of man-made struc- tures "w otkmg landscapes" such as tree plantanons, golf courses, and agtlcultural ateas were not mcluded 5 In November 1992, a referendum to secure $200 million m general obligatIOn bonds fot acqumng sites Identified In the Metropolitan Greenspaces Plan failed After the de- feat, Metro Inmated a $138 8-mllhon bond campaign for land acqulSltlOn The late Bill Naito, a leadmg developer, headed a "blue nbbon" committee to ptomore the Inltla- tlve ThiS nme the acqll1S1tlOn sites were hsted and pnor- mzed on the ballot The measure passed m 1995 With over 60% of the vote 6 In 1997, Metro voted to deslgnate as urban reserves 18,000 acres oEland outside the UGB (equivalent to 8% of the land Wlt!un the current boundary) The urban reserves will be mcorporated mto the UGB In the near furute, 5,359 acres were so added 10 Decembet 1998, to comply With state law requiring that UGBs contain a 20-year sup- ply of buildable land For more on thiS Issue, see Egan (1996) and Ehrenhalt (1997) REFERENCES Abbott, C (1983) Portland Plannmg,politlcs,andgrowtbma twentieth century aty Lmcoln, NE U mverslty ofNebtaska Press Abbott, C (1993) The metrOpohtanfrontler Cttzestn the mod- ern Amencan West Tucson, AZ Umverslty of Anzona Press Abbott, C (1994) The Otegon plannmg style In C Ab- bott, D Howe, & SAdler (Eds), Plannmg the Oregon way A twenty-yearevaluatlon (pp 52-84) Corvallis, OR Oregon State UmvetSity Press Artlblse, A, Moudon, A V, & Seltzer, E (1997) Cascadta An emergmg regIOnal model In R Geddes (Ed), Otles m our fUture (pp 149-174) Washmgron, DC Island Press Blackford, M G (1993) The lost dream Busmessmen and aty plannmg on the Paafic Coast, 1890-1920 Columbus,OH OhIO State Umverslty Press Blake, C N (1990) Beloved communlty The cultural mttaStn ofR4ndolph BourneJ Van Wyck Brooks, Waldo Frank, and LeWIS Mumford Chapel Hill, NC UmversltyofNonh 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