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CITY OF CLEARWATER PLANNING AND ELIGIBILITY STUDY, HISTORIC RESOURCE RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF THE DOWNTOWN CORE - MAY 2005 - FINAL" ` Y 2�y,�� ; a� � � � �'��y!��F,§�� ('� �^ ��? i�r�'��;p ., �k*�"„r�� '. � .,uMe�q'. �,`";�: G � �'� :,.� �,' �,�, �r�� --_' �� f�� ..:, �, �� ,�� y4 ��_ , � �� . �� a�� .W._. �....��.. � �� {��'; # �.�.�� - ; _ �� _ Prepared by � . �� h i � � � .y_ 1300 N. Westshore Blvd., Suite 100 • Tampa, Florida 33607 • 813.636.8200 301 Almeria Avenue • Coral Gables, Florida 33134 • 305.446.7470 t City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core in the City of Clearwater, Florida was undertaken at the request of the City of Clearwater by Janus Research of Tampa, Florida. This historic resource reconnaissance survey was performed as part of the City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study to identify historic resources located within the Downtown Core that are potentially eligible for local designation or listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on an individual basis or as part of a historic district. The literature review and Florida Master Site File (FMSF) search identified 91 previously recorded historic resources in the defined Downtown Core project area. Two of these previously recorded resources are currently listed in the NRHP, the Cleveland Street Post Office, 650 Cleveland Street (8PI00317), and the Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street (8PI01894). Although these two buildings are not currently listed by the City of Clearwater, they are considered eligible for local designation. In the Downtown Core, an additional six resources recorded during previous cultural resources assessments were determined by the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to be eligible for listing in the NRHP. Following the current reconnaissance survey and coordination with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with the Florida Division of Historical Resources (DHR), one building still appears eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, 110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue (8PI08024). Although this building is not currently listed by the City of Clearwater, it is also considered eligible for local designation. Four of the initial six potentially NRHP-eligible resources, the Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street (8PI00860), Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street (8PI02255), Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street (8PI02251), and Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue (8PI08023), have been altered to such a degree that they no longer meet the strict significance criteria and integrity aspects for the NRHP established by the National Park Service. Consequently, they are not currently considered eligible for listing in the NRHP, but they are considered potentially eligible for designation at the local level by the City of Clearwater. One of the six potentially NRHP- eligible resources, Haven Street House, 400 Pierce Boulevard (8PI8022), is no longer extant. The Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core was conducted in March and April 2004. This investigation identified the significant historic resources within the project area. Two historic resources, the Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127, 408 S. Garden Avenue (8PI08426) and the Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street (8PI02262), are potentially eligible for local designation only. Individually eligible resources are shown on the following map. Janus Research 1 ' ' � ' ' � � t � ' ' ' ' � 1 C �� .....__. _ ..__...._ m O n �.. i �''�.D `� m � .....,�. \ . � .. . _....; �.... � ., 1�..__..._\.`. . City of Cleanvater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 I ;..... i�---� 3 . .. ... .. . ....... ...__�__. ._ �:�.m : _... ___ _ . .� _ ...---- - � m , _,__ � � . Hendencks S6eet� � ^ ; �-- ....--. _. .. __. _ .1 [ i _...� ; � ._.. __.� .__ - ......_ .... _.. �j ��. i � . �. � �_ .... � - — : \ . .. `' f f . € m .._ —. .—��. V r. E �., i '_' � � . -::._.. . �.. � _._. � Laura Street ---�--' I � � - — — � I l ....... ; a � � t i � � � � r , � -.__ : 1.�. ......1 �. + ' � � _ � -- ( I f �........ i i' ` � €_ � . _ I__ � :........., 50Q Cleveland Street 503 ............. 411 .. _...._. � ---- i , � ' '� � , __I_-�: � t , i r__�__u__ _; � __ ____�. . ; � __-- _ , �-- , , i �; � ; o_ _. _ __. � . ... . ..... ..... . 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NRHP-Listed and Locally Eligible Locally and NRHP-Eligible � Locally Eligible Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the , Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core ' ' Janus Research 11 � ' ' u ' ' L__J 1 �� ' 1 L ' ' ' ' ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 At this time, there does not appear to be a defensible historic district within the Downtown Core. Twenty-one resources were identified that could be rehabilitated and/or restored in order to gain contributing status within a historic district. Eleven resources were determined to be contributing resources to a potential historic district in their present condition. However, these resources are not located close enough together to form a concentrated historic district. Contributing resources and resources that could be contributing, pending rehabilitation, to a potential downtown historic district are shown on the following map. � maw s«�� —__ � __ _ _ _ , Z _. ; o ; � �� __ 'o __ , , 0 3 m T . —., D: .. . .........: , � j; ::. : � ; ; � _ ............ . � : . ; . --: _ ._.. ; . : q � j m . ........ N' � � '�., , � . � ._.. .._..... _ S. , ,. �__..__.. :. n � f !t 7 i , f r � c I �m ��i, ........ . ...... ___ � Hendencks Street � ' i ...., i. ___ .__.' D - — � i .._.___ ._ ._.... i ' � � I R I : _. . . - �� 6 i � I ( � _ ; _.......__ __._-. _.s... Laura Street � �-f�� . � � Laura SVee[ ' � r _ _ II�Y i._.___\ i I I / i ' ,�� a i a ( ( ; „� � _ f,�� . �� ! � . ��.� 3� � �� ,�: � . _ _ s:, „o, .,�, �. Cleveland Street � ws i �nvu� � w3 sas�= r a �s �� . �� r �. _ __ � ; �� N: ''. �.. �j : Q' ''. :- '....... ._1.... ......... __..... ._ . :_...... . N : �; ......... Park Streef .. � � � —__ ' d: r_. ... . _....._._ ____. . r_.._._ .____ .. D .. ..... � � : 1 ; j N j � c a I m m � � I, . � : � -� D. ... � i '�. I �. I , ._.. II � �Pierce Street�� . ........... ...... ....... .. ____.. _.__ ...... �__......__ . � , ... Pierce Street . . , N ' Legend o i � x - . Cantri6uting Resource d _ a , i _ . "�: ' J%/ Contributing Resource rf Reha6ilitated o . � . ...._ .... . _.. -- Frank6n SUeet � � � IS 0.03 0.06 a.o9 o.ttM�BS �'Non-ContribudngResource Contributing Resources and Resources that could be Contributing, Pending Rehabilitation, to a Potential Downtown Historic District. ' Janus Research 11i ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 This report also includes recommendations for the City of Clearwater regarding its ' historic preservation efforts. The following summarizes the recommendations. The city can utilize the information in this report to consider designating the identified locally and NRHP-eligible individual resources. The current ordinance should be reviewed by the ' city staff and Clearwater City Council and updated to reflect requirements of the Florida Certified Local Government (CLG) program and the standards for designation established by the NRHP, which advise that a historic resource must be at least 50 years ' old. The design guidelines and implementation strategies in the Clearwater powntown Redevelopment Plan should be utilized to rehabilitate and/or restore many of the historic, but altered, buildings in the Downtown Core so that they may gain contributing status , within a historic district. The City of Clearwater's fa�ade grant program could be revised to encourage historic preservation projects, similar to other fa�ade gant programs implemented throughout the nation. The City of Clearwater should become a CLG. ' Special zoning districts or overlay districts, as allowed by the Clearwater Community Development Code, for historic districts should be created in the Downtown Core. Finally, community awareness and understanding of Clearwater's historic resources ' needs to be enhanced. � ' ' ' � ' ' 1 ' ' ' Janus Research lv ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' � 1 ' ' ' ' � �__I , 1 ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY ................................................................................................. i INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 PROJECTDESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................2 ProjectNeed .................................................................................................................... 2 ProjectDescription .......................................................................................................... 2 HISTORICOVERVIEW .....................................................................................................4 METHODS........................................................................................................................16 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY CRITERIA ...................................................................17 NRHP Criteria for Evaluation ....................................................................................... 17 Local Criteria for Evaluation ........................................................................................ 19 FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE SEARCH AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................21 RESULTS..........................................................................................................................25 Individual Resources Currently Listed in the NRHP .................................................... 28 Individual Resources Determined Eligible for Inclusion in the NRHP ........................ 32 Individual Resources Considered Potentially Eligible for Local Designation ............. 34 Historic District Evaluation .......................................................................................... 45 RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................63 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................66 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Previous Cultural and Historic Resource Surveys .............................................. 21 Table 2. Previously Recorded Historic Resources ............................................................ 22 Table 3. Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core ....................................................... 27 Table 4. Resources Featuring Reversible Alterations in the Downtown Core ................. 46 Table 5. Resources Contributing to a Potential Historic District in their Present Condition ................................................................................................................................... 49 LIST OF FIGURES Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core ................................................................................... ii Contributing Resources and Resources that could be Contributing, Pending Rehabilitation, to a Potential Downtown Historic District . ....................................... iii Figure 1: Project Location Map .......................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core ....................................................... 26 Figure 3: Cleveland Street Post Office, 650 Cleveland Street, Facing Northeast. ........... 28 Janus Research v ' ' � �J ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Figure 4: Cleveland Street Post Office, 650 Cleveland Street, c. 1933, Facing Northwest. From Clearwater, A Pictorial History . ..................................................................... 28 Figure 5: Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street, Facing West ..................... 30 Figure 6: Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street, c. 1945, Facing West. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection ...................................................... 30 Figure 7: Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, 110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing Northwest. ................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 8: Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, 110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1921, Facing Northwest. From Images of America: Clearwater . ....................................... 32 Figure 9: Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street, Facing Southeast .......................... 34 Figure 10: Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street, c. 1920, Facing Southeast. On display at 503 Cleveland Street . ............................................................................... 34 Figure 11: Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street, Facing Southwest . ................ 36 Figure 12: Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street, c.1924, Facing Southwest. Fro»i Iynages of America: Clearwater . ...................................................................... 36 Figure 13: Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street, Facing South........ 38 Figure 14: Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street, c. 1935, Facing South. From Images ofAmerica: Clearwater . .......................................................... 38 Figure 15: Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street, Facing North ................ 40 Figure 16: Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street, c. 1922, Facing Northeast. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection . ................................................... 40 Figure 17: Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing Southwest........... 42 Figure 18: Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1925, Facing Southwest. From Images of America: Clearwater . ...................................................................... 42 Figure 19: Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127, 408 S. Garden Avenue, Facing Northwest. 44 Figure 20: Contributing Resources and Resources that could be Contributing, Pending Rehabilitation, to a Potential Downtown Historic District . ...................................... 48 Figure 21: The Exchange Building, 401 Cleveland Street, Facing Southeast . ................. 50 Figure 22: Bay View Building, 410-414 Cleveland Street, Facing Northeast .................. 51 Figure 23: Bay View Building, 410-414 Cleveland Street, Facing Northeast. On display at 420-428 Cleveland Street . ..................................................................................... 51 Figure 24: 416-418 Cleveland Street, Facing Northwest .................................................. 53 Figure 25: 413 Cleveland Street, Facing South . ............................................................... 54 Figure 26: The Colony Arcade, 421-423 Cleveland Street, Facing South . ...................... 55 Figure 27: The Colony Arcade, 421-423 Cleveland Street, c. 1911, Facing Southeast. From Clearwater, A Pictorial History . ..................................................................... 55 Figure 28: Peoples Bank Building, 430-432 Cleveland Street, Facing Northwest........... 57 Figure 29: Peoples Bank Building, 430-432 Cleveland Street, c. 1925, Facing Northeast. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection ...................................................... 57 Figure 30: Mason Arcade Building, 16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing West. ....... 59 Figure 31: Mason Arcade Building, 16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, c.1925, Facing Southwest. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Archives . .................................... 59 Figure 32: 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing East . ...................................................... 61 Figure 33: 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1922, Facing East. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Archives . ................................... ................................................... 61 , Janus Research vi ' � u II , ' L' ' � � , ' , � l� ' ' ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 INTRODUCTION The Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core in the City of Clearwater, Florida was undertaken at the request of the City of Clearwater by Janus Research of Tampa, Florida. This report is the result of the survey and evaluation of all identified historic resources located within the Downtown Core. This report contains information regarding downtown Clearwater's historic resources and the importance of these resources to the distinctive identity and heritage of the City. Within this report, historic resources are identified and evaluated, in an effort to ensure the significant resources are recognized and protected for current and future use. The City of Clearwater's extant historic resources enhance the quality of life for those who live and work in the City, and they help to establish a sense of place. Without an understanding and appreciation for those historic resources, Clearwater would lose an integral aspect of its identity. Janus Research's principal investigators exceed the qualifications for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture contained in 36 CFR 61 (Procedures for Approved State and Local Historic Preservation Programs). Appendix A includes a description of Janus Research's Professional Qualifications Standards and resumes of key personnel. Historic resource investigations for this study were conducted under the direction of Amy Groover Streelman, M.H.P. This historic resource reconnaissance survey was performed to identify historic resources located within the Downtown Core that are potentially eligible for local designation or listing in the NRHP on an individual basis or as part of a historic district. For this historic resource reconnaissance survey, a summary of the project area's history has been prepared. 'This overview describes the important events, locations, resources, and individuals associated with the project area. The report also includes the results of the background research and reconnaissance investigation. Photographs, preliminary descriptions, and evaluations of the identified NRHP-listed, determined NRHP-eligible, or potentially NRHP-eligible historic resources and districts have been included in this report. Additionally, resources that are eligible for designation at the local level have been identified as well. Janus Research ' ��I ' ' ' � Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Need The City of Clearwater adopted a new Downtown Redevelopment Plan in September 2003. The objective of this plan is to reclaim the "traditional downtown and make it the center and heart of the City" (City of Clearwater 2003b). This 20-year plan serves as a Special Area Plan in accordance with the Countywide Rules of Pinellas County and Florida Growth Management Rules, and it serves as a Community Redevelopment Plan in accordance with Florida's Community Redevelopment Act. This document acts as a land use plan for Downtown Clearwater, and it guides the actions of the City's Community Redevelopment Agency (CRA). ' The Downtown Redevelopment Plan is to be carried out, in part, through public strategies. These strategies implement the goals, objectives, and policies of the plan either through direct action or through study and comparison of specific techniques. The strategies include ' evaluating the potential for a NRHP or local historic district in certain areas, especially along Cleveland Street from Myrtle to Osceola Avenues. Also included in the strategies is the evaluation of the implementation of incentives for the preservation of historic resources and ' the enhancement and/or development of educational programs regarding the maintenance of historic buildings (City of Clearwater 2003b). As part of the overall City of Clearwater ' Planning and Eligibility Survey, which includes this reconnaissance survey report and an educational plan and brochures, Janus Research is assisting the City with these abovementioned strategies. � ' , C'' ' ' � ' Project Description The Downtown Redevelopment Plan includes six major neighborhoods: the Downtown Core, Old Bay, Town Lake Residential, Town Lake Business Park, South Gateway, and East Gateway (Figure 1). This historic resource reconnaissance survey focuses on the Downtown Core. The Downtown Core is bound on the north by Drew Street, on the south by Chestnut Street, on the east by Myrtle Avenue, and on the west by Clearwater Harbor. This area is the traditional center of the City of Clearwater. It serves as the focus of office, government, and civic activity (City of Clearwater 2003b). ' Janus Research 2 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 1: Project Location Map � � Janus Research � 3 ' ' ' L' ' � � ' ' , , ' ' ' ' ' ' � ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 HISTORIC OVERVIEW The following overview traces the historical development of the general study area through the twentieth century. The intent of this overview is to provide a context with which to interpret any historic resources encountered during the study. Much of this information has been documented in previous historic resources surveys, including the Clearwater Historic Preservation Survey and Planning Project: Clearwater Central Business District and the Old Clearwater Bay Neighborhood (ACI 1998). The earliest contact between the native populations and Europeans consisted of slave hunting expeditions. Because the Spanish Crown prohibited the enslavement of Caribbean natives, "slaving expeditions," which provided warkers for the mines of Hispaniola and Cuba, were not recorded in official documents. Evidence of these slave raids comes from the familiarity with the Florida coast stated by navigators of the earliest official coastal reconnaissance surveys (Cabeza DeVaca 1542: Chapter 4). The hostile response of the native population to expeditions during the 1520s may confirm this hypothesis. Official credit for the discovery of Florida belongs to Juan Ponce de Leon, whose voyage of 1513 took him along the eastern coast of the peninsula (Tebeau 1971:21). He is believed to have sailed as far north as the mouth of the St. Johns River before turning south, stopping in the Cape Canaveral area and possibly at Biscayne Bay. 'The expedition then sailed southward, following the Florida Keys, and making contact with the local Tequesta en route before turning to the northwest, where they encountered the Calusa along the southwestern Gulf coast. Other Spanish explorers followed Juan Ponce de Leon, and over the next 50 years the Spanish government and private individuals financed expeditions hoping to establish a colony in "La Florida." King Philip II of Spain licensed Pedro Menendez de Aviles, one of Spain's most able naval officers, in 1565 to establish a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida. His goal was to eradicate the French from Fort Caroline, a French colony established in 1564 within present-day Jacksonville. Between 1565 and 1566, Menendez sailed along the Florida coast placing crosses at various locations and leaving Spaniards "of marked religious zeal" to introduce Christianity to the Native American peoples (Gannon 1965:29). Settlements with associated missions were established at St. Augustine, San Mateo (Fort Caroline), and Santa Elena. Smaller outposts and missions were located in Ais, Tequesta, Calusa, and Tocobaga territory (Gannon 1965:29). Jesuit missions were established in the Central Peninsular Gulf Coast and Glades cultural regions, including the mission of Carlos at Charlotte Harbor, the mission of Tocobaga at Tampa Bay, and a mission at a Tequesta village at the mouth of the Miami River. In March of 1567, Menendez sailed into the Bay of Tocobaga (now Old Tampa Bay) with a group of 30 soldiers, Captain Martinez de Coz, and Fray Rogel. The mission was established at the village of the cacique known as Tocobaga and consisted of 24 houses (Velasco 1571: 161). It was abandoned in January of 1568, due to the hostility of the Native Americans (Solis de Meras 1964: 223-230). This Jesuit mission represented the final Spanish attempt to colonize the region. Janus Research 4 ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 In 1567, Brother Francisco Villareal was sent to one of the large Tequesta villages located on ' Biscayne Bay. In 1568, a skirmish between the Spanish soldiers and the Tequesta Indians temporarily closed the mission. By the end of 1568, the Tequesta were willing to reopen the mission, largely due to the work of Don Diego, a Tequesta who had visited 5pain. Despite , zealous attempts, the native groups in Florida continued to resist conversion and, in 1572, Jesuit authorities decided to abandon their missionary efforts in Florida. ' ' ' l� � � , ' ' ' ' � ' ' ' Undaunted, Menendez turned his attention to another order, the Franciscans, and entreated them to send priests. The Franciscan mission effort was most successful in the northern areas of Florida. One possible reason may have been differences in Native American settlement patterns and economies. According to Milanich (1978b:68), the failure of the Spanish missions among the southern Florida native population was due partially to the groups' subsistence patterns, which required seasonal movement for maximum resource exploitation. Consequently, for the remainder of the First Spanish period (1565-1763), South Florida was virtually ignored as the Spanish concentrated their efforts in the northern half of the peninsula. During the eighteenth century, Cuban fishermen had established seasonal fishing camps, ar ranchos, along the Gulf coast. These fishermen were engaged in catching mullet and drying them for sale in the Havana markets. By the early nineteenth century, Native Americans were often employed as workers in these "ranchos pescados," which is probably why they were called "Spanish Indians" in Anglo-American documents (Wright 1986: 219). While settlers steadily populated the region throughout the eighteenth century, the Native American population of Florida declined considerably because of disease, slave raids, intertribal warfare, and attacks from a new group of Native Americans, the Seminoles. The Seminoles, descendants of the Creek Indians, moved into Florida during the early eighteenth century to escape the political and population pressures of the expanding American colonies to the north (Wright 1986:218). 'The Seminoles had become the dominant Native American group in the state by the end of the eighteenth century. Groups of fugitive African-American slaves had settled among the Seminoles by the early nineteenth century (Brown 1991:5-19). Armed conflict with pioneers, homesteaders, and eventually the U.S. Army resulted in the eventual removal of most of the Seminoles from Florida. The mounting threat to national security and interests that Florida represented and the ease in which Andrew Jackson invaded Florida during the First Seminole War illuminated Spain's inability to effectively retain power. Consequently, the Adams-Onis Treaty was signed by Spain in 1819 relinquishing territorial power of the provinces to the United States in 1821. As more European-American settlers heard of the geogaphic locale of Florida's vast and fertile land, emigration steadily intensified; consequently, conflicts arose with the Seminole people over available land. Pressure was brought to bear upon the government to remove the Seminoles from northern Florida and relocate them further south. The Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823) restricted the Seminole people to approximately four million acres of land in the middle of the state, running south from Micanopy to just north of the Peace River (Mahon 1967: Rear foldout map). The Seminoles did not approve of this treaty because they Janus Research 5 ' ' C ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 were reluctant to move from their established homes to an area that they felt could not be cultivated. Other treaties soon followed such as Payne's Landing (1832) and Fort Gibson (1833), which called for Seminole emigration to the western territories (Mahon 1967:75-76, 82-83). Osceola defied the conditions of the Treaty of Payne's Landing, and was arrested and imprisoned at Fort King until he promised to leave Florida. Both the Payne's Landing and Fort Gibson treaties fostered Seminole resentment of settlers that culminated in the Second Seminole War in 1835, beginning with the Dade Massacre and murder of General Wiley Thompson. During the Second Seminole War, the area around Lake Tohopekaliga was a Seminole ' stronghold. They kept their cattle in the woods around the lake and retreated into the cypress swamp west of the lake at the approach of soldiers (Mahon 1967; Sprague 1964; Moore- Willson 1935). Tohopekaliga means "Fort Site," and the lake shares the same name because ' the islands within the lake housed the forts and stockades of the Seminoles (Moore-Willson 1935:29). ' In January 1837, General Jesup's men encountered the Seminoles near the "Great Cypress Swamp." The soldiers drove the Indians into the swamp, across the "Hatcheelustee" and into even more dense swamp (Sprague 1964:172). On January 28th, the army "moved forward and , occupied a strong position on Lake Tohopekaliga, within a few miles of the point at which the Cypress Swamp approaches it, where several hundred head of cattle were taken" (Sprague 1964:172). Hetherington (1980:3), citing Major Edward Keenan, a"noted authority ' on the Seminole Wars," believes that General Jesup's base camp was located in the vicinity of the present-day Kissimmee Airport. The "Great Cypress Swamp" and "Hatcheelustee Creek" referred to by Sprague (1964) are now called Reedy Creek Swamp and Reedy Creek , respectively (MacKay and Blake 1839; Mahon 1967: Rear fold out map; USGS Lake Tohopekaliga Quadrangle Map 1953; Hetherington 1980:3). L_J'� ' C u � , ' , At the beginning of the Second Seminole War, the conflict was centered near the Withlacoochee area. In 1838, U.S. troops moved south to pursue the retreating Seminoles into the Lake Okeechobee and Everglades regions. Colonel Zachary Taylor was sent to the area between the Kissimmee River and Peace Creek. Colonel Persifor Smith and his volunteers were dispatched to the Caloosahatchee River, and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Levi N. Powell was assigned the task of penetrating the Everglades (Mahon 1967:219-220). Powell's detachment had several skirmishes with Seminoles near Jupiter Inlet. Powell established a depot on the Miami River and erected Fort Dallas in the approximate location of present-day Downtown Miami. For three months, Fort Dallas was a base of operations as Powell led his men into the Everglades in search of the Seminoles (Gaby 1993:47). In the Clearwater vicinity, the army established Fort Harrison on April 2, 1841, which served as a center for sick and wounded Sixth Infantry soldiers. The fort, named after General William Henry Harrison, who became president in 1841 and died a month after taking office, was abandoned in November 1841. The federal government ended the conflict in 1842 and withdrew the troops in Florida (Dunn 1973:14). The Second Seminole War, from 1835 to 1842, had a deleterious effect on new settlement in Florida. To further encourage settlement in the middle portion of the territory after the war, Janus Research 6 , ' ' l� , � 1 ' ' ' � ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 the Armed Occupation Act of 1842 offered settlers 160 acres of land at no cost, provided they built a house, cleared five acres, planted crops, and resided on the land for at least five years. Any head of a family or single man over 18 years of age and able to bear arms was eligible to receive a homestead. This act, plus the end of the Second Seminole War, created a small wave of immigration by Anglo-American pioneers to central Florida. Most of these immigrants were Anglo-American farmers and cattle ranchers, or "crackers," from the southeastern United States. Twenty-four settlers filed claims under this act in the land that would eventually become Pinellas County (Dunn 1973:15). During this period, the Clearwater area fell under the jurisdiction of Hillsborough County, which was established in 1834. At that time the county encompassed an area that now comprises Pinellas, Pasco, Polk, Manatee, Sarasota, DeSoto, Charlotte, Highlands, Hardee, and Hillsborough Counties. Florida was admitted to the Union in 1845 and Tallahassee was established as the capital. The first road from Tampa to Clearwater was constructed in 1849, and by 1850, 178 residents were living on the Pinellas peninsula (Sanders 1983:13; Dunn 1973:22). With the beginning of the Civil War, cattle were needed to help feed the Confederate Army. Herds from as far south as central Florida were driven to railheads near the Georgia border. However, cattle ranchers discovered they could sell their herds in Cuba for more profit and began dealing with blockade-runners. The Union had attempted to stop all shipping from Florida ports, but blockade-runners were too abundant. Cattle ranchers from all over Florida drove their cattle to Punta Rassa to be shipped to Cuba for payment in Spanish gold. Jacob Summerlin, a successful cattle rancher from the Fort Meade area, gave up his contract with the Confederate government to supply cattle and in 1863 teamed up with James McKay, from the Tampa area. McKay, a successful and daring blockade-runner, supplied the schooners and Summerlin the cattle. It is not known how many cattle were shipped from the port during the Civil War, however, after the war, it is reported that in the decade between 1870 and 1879, over 165,000 head of cattle were shipped (Grismer 1950). ' During the war, Union gun boats raided Clearwater and acquired provisions and supplies from the local residents. In 1861, James McMullen organized a local company of Confederate volunteers known as the Home Guard (Woman's Club 1917). � ' , ' ' ' The post-war economic conditions of much of the rest of the South contributed to changes in the economy of the Tampa Bay area. An influx of poor farmers coinciding with the southward movement of cattle ranches made the economic stability of the area dependent upon reliable sources of overland freight transport. Beginning about 1870, many settlers began to buy the land on which they had homesteaded for so many years in anticipation of the coming railroad (Hetherington 1980: 86). The local population increased to a total of 780 residents by 1870 (Dunn 1973:22). The area's first newspaper, the Clear Water Times, was started in 1873, by Reverend C.S. Reynolds, a New Yorker who also started publications in Tampa, Ocala, Palatka, and Key West. Reynolds also established the first Baptist church in Clearwater, which was housed in a log building. The log building was utilized by all denominations and served as "the social Janus Research � ' ' , ' C � II 1 1 �J LJ ' L! ' ' ' ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 and religious center of the community" (Woman's Club 1917). The first public school on the peninsula was also held in this building in 1873 (Woman's Club 1917). In the 1880s, interest in the resources of southern Florida increased due in large part to people like Hamilton Disston and Henry B. Plant. By 1881, the State of Florida faced a financial crisis involving a title to public lands. On the eve of the Civil War, land had been pledged by the Internal Improvement Fund to underwrite railroad bonds. After the war, when the railroads failed, the land reverted to the state. Almost one million dollars were needed by the state to pay off the principle and accumulated interest on the debt, thereby giving clear title. Hamilton Disston, son of a wealthy Philadelphia industrialist, contracted two large land deals with the State of Florida: the Disston Drainage Contract and the Disston Land Purchase. The Drainage Contract was an agreement between Disston and the state in which Disston and his associates would drain and reclaim all overflow lands south of Township 23 (later changed to Township 24) and east of the Peace River in exchange for one-half the acreage that could be reclaimed and made fit for cultivation. This agreement was sealed with a contract signed on March 10, 1881. Disston and his associates formed a company called the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okeechobee Land Company on July 20, 1881 (Davis 1938: 205). During 1881 and 1882, channels were dug between the lake systems to the north and the Kissimmee River (Tebeau 1971: 288). The Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okeechobee Land Company was responsible for opening up Lake Okeechobee to the Gulf of Mexico by dredging a channel to the Caloosahatchee River. Disston and his associates received 1,652,711 acres of land under the Drainage Contract, although they probably never permanently drained more than 50,000 acres (Tebeau 1971: 280). Drainage operations began and the Florida Land Improvement Company and Kissimmee Land Company were formed to help fulfill the Drainage Contract (Hetherington 1980: 6). Private land claims between 1881 and 1883 were probably squatters acquiring the land on which they lived prior to the land transfers under the Disston Land Purchase contract. 'The flurry of land transfers recorded in the early 1880s reflects two main factors: large influxes of people brought by the railroads and the widespread unpopularity of the Disston Land Purchase and Drainage Contracts. The Disston Land Purchase and Disston Drainage Contract were not popular among many of Florida's residents. Many resented the 25¢ per acre price Disston paid under the land contract while they were required to pay $1.25 per acre under the terms of the Homestead Act of 1876. Claims were also made that Disston was receiving title to lands that were not swamplands or wetlands (Tebeau 1971: 278). Many residents bought up the higher, better- drained parcels of land for speculation, knowing that the surrounding wetlands and flatwoods would be deeded to Disston under the Land Purchase contract. Many hoped that their more desirable land purchases would increase in value. Disston changed Florida from a wilderness of swamps, heat, and mosquitoes into an area ripe far investment. This enabled Henry B. Plant to move forward with his plans to open the west Janus Research g � ' ' � � , � ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 coast of Florida with a railroad-steamship operation called the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railway. Through the Plant Investment Company, he bought up defunct rail lines such as the Silver Springs, Ocala & Gulf Railroad, Florida Transit and Peninsular Railroad, South Florida Railroad, and Florida Southern Railroad to establish his operation (Mann 1983:68; Harner 1973:18-23). The first hotels in the Clearwater area, the Orange Bluff Hotel and the Sea View Hotel, were constructed in the early 1880s, and marked the beginning of local tourism. Another event that made the Clearwater area a desirable destination was the declaration of Dr. W.C. Van Bibber of Baltimore, during the American Medical Society Convention in New Orleans, that the Pinellas peninsula was the healthiest spot on earth. His report resulted in an influx of tourists and emigrants encouraged by their doctors to settle in Florida (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:22). In 1888, Russian immigrant Peter Demens (Piotr DeMentieffl completed the Orange Belt Railway, which stopped in Clearwater on its way in between St. Petersburg and Oakland. The depot in Clearwater and the one in Palm Harbor were built in the Russian architectural style. Plant purchased the railway from Demens in 1897, and incorporated it into his network (City of Clearwater 2003b). In 1902, Plant sold all of his Florida holdings to the Atlantic Coast Line, which would become the backbone of the southeast (Mann 1983:68). ' The City of Clearwater was incorporated in 1891 and received a special charter in 1897. Significant growth was immediately apparent. This growth was due, in large part, to tourists becommg permanent residents. Tounsts were drawn to the area by its healthful climate and , luxury hotels, such as the Verona Inn, built in 1889, and the Belleview Biltmore Hotel, built in 1897 by Henry Plant (City of Clearwater 2003b). At this time, the local paved roads included Cleveland Street, from the harbor to the Orange Belt Railroad station, and Fort � Harrison Avenue, from Cleveland Street to a point south of the original Methodist Church; both streets were covered with shell removed from a local aboriginal site near the harbor (Dunn 1973:23). � ' ' ' � ' ' In 1898, Cuba was fighting for its independence from Spain and Florida, and the United States was preparing to assist in the efforts. As Florida is the closest state to Cuba, American troops were stationed and deployed from the state's coastal cities. Harbors in Tampa, Pensacola, and Key West were improved as ships were launched with troops and supplies. Although short in duration, "The Splendid Little War" left its mark in the form of improved harbors, expanded railroads, and increased military installations (Miller 1990). The Spanish-American War had little economic impact on Pinellas County. However, a large V- shaped island at its southern terminus did figure prominently in the nation's coastal defense system. Mullet Key, along with Egmont Key to the south, had long been regarded as vital to the protection of Egmont Channel, which provided access to Tampa Bay and the port facilities of Tampa. The advent of the Spanish-American War led to the construction of coastal fortifications at both Mullet and Egmont Keys. The Mullet Key military reservation was named Fort DeSoto after the famous Spanish explorer (Sarles 1960). The war was short-lived, and no shots were fired from Fort DeSoto. The fort continued to serve as a training facility until 1910 when it was Janus Research 9 , ' ' ' ' , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' Ciry of Cleanvater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 inactivated. It was reactivated in 1941 and served as a bombing practice field during World War II for the Air Force Base at MacDill Field in Tampa. In 1904, Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward initiated significant reforms in Florida's politics. Several of Broward's major issues included the Everglades drainage project, railroad regulation, and the construction of roads. During this time, railroads were constructed throughout Florida, and automobile use became more prevalent. Improved transportation in the state opened lines to export Florida's agricultural and industrial products. As various products, such as fruits and vegetables, were exported from the state, new homesteaders were entering (Miller 1990). Rapid and widespread growth was the theme of this period in Florida's history. Thousands of miles of railroad tracks were laid, including the Florida East Coast, Atlantic Coast Line, and Seaboard Air Line railroads. While agriculture, especially the citrus industry, was the backbone of the Florida economy, manufacturing and industry grew during the beginning of the century. Fertilizer production, boat building, and lumber and timber products were strong secondary industries (Weaver et al. 1996:3). The Pinellas peninsula dramatically increased in population during this time, growing from 2,572 in 1900 to 8,057 in 1910. Census data show that the majority of the increases took place in urban areas (U.S. Bureau of the Census, Hillsborough County 1900, 1910). Clearwater had 1,171 residents by 1910 (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:98). Telephone service was available by 1903 and electricity by 1905 (Sanders 1983:47; Dunn 1973:25-26). The first ice factory, constructed in 1900, was developed into a community water system and later purchased by the city in 1910. In 1910, Congress provided $29,000 to dredge Clearwater and Boca Ciega Bays to Tampa Bay. The project was completed in 1915, and resulted in a five-foot channel at low tide from the Cleveland Street dock to Tampa Bay (Dunn 1973:23-28). The growth of the peninsula meant a need for county services and road building that was ignored by the courthouse in Tampa. The movement for separation of Pinellas from Hillsborough County began in 1906 when William Straub, editor of the St. Petersburg Times, wrote an editorial called "The Pinellas Declaration of Independence" (Arsenault 1988:139). The issue went to a public referendum vote in 1911 and voters overwhelmingly approved the creation of a new county for the peninsula. Pinellas County became a legal entity on January 1, 1912 (1988: 141). Clearwater was named the county seat. The first Pinellas County Courthouse, built in 1912, was later replaced by a new courthouse in 1917. A disastrous fire occurred on June 24, 1910, which destroyed all the buildings on the north side of Cleveland Street, from Fort Harrison Avenue to Osceola Avenue (Dunn 1973:55). As a result of the fire, in 1911, the Clearwater Fire Department was established, and new building codes required brick construction. The original brick fire station building (now altered) still stands on N. Fort Harrison Avenue. Other new construction dating from this period included the People's Bank Building, Clearwater Theatre Building, and Bank of Clearwater. The 1906 South Ward School (built to replace the original 1883 wood frame school) was expanded in 1912, and still functions today. The North Ward School was Janus Research 10 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 constructed in 1915, as was the Morton F. Plant Hospital (Sanders 1983: 48-49). One of the largest brick buildings in Clearwater, the five-story Coachman Building, was constructed in the summer of 1917. This building replaced the S.S. Coachman and Sons General Store at the southeast corner of Cleveland Street and Fort Harrison Avenue (Sanders 1983:78). In 1912, a bond was issued for hard-surfaced roads, and four years later brick roads were funded. Another railroad, the Tampa and Gulf Coast, was developed in 1914, and connected Clearwater, Largo, and St. Petersburg with Tampa (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:28). This rail line was eventually taken over by the Seaboard Coastline Railroad. A new daily newspaper, the Clearwater Evening Sun, was unveiled in 1914 and published by W.B. Powell. During the early years of the twentieth century, Clearwater also had two public parks, Island Park and Water Works Park, as well as the Clearwater Golf Club, which was started in 1915 (Woman's Club 1917). The golf course was later renamed the Clearwater Country Club. The United States entered into World War I in 1917. During World War I, 172 men from the ' Clearwater area served in the Army in 1917 and 1918. Company D of the Pinellas County Guards was established in August 1917, and Taver Bayly served as the leader (The Sun 1939; ' Dunn 1973:30). Wartime activity required several training facilities to be set up in the state. Protecting the coastlines was a priority at this time. Although the conflict only lasted until November of 1918, the economy was boosted by the war. Industnalization increased in port ' cities such as Tampa and Jacksonville, where many ships were built. These cities also functioned as supply depots and embarkation points. An indirect economic benefit of the war was an increase m agricultural production, such as beef, vegetables, and cotton, due to their ' great demand (Miller 1990). By 1917, Pinellas County shipped one million boxes of citrus each year, and was considered a leading orange and grapefruit producer in Florida (Woman's Club 1917). While Florida industrialization and agriculture flourished, immigration and housing development slowed during the war. Tourism increased, however, as the war in Europe forced Americans to vacation domestically. Clearwater's population totaled approximately 3,000 in 1917, and this number doubled during the tourist season (Woman's Club 1917). Railroad construction resumed at the conclusion of the war. Tycoons such as Henry Flagler and Henry Plant continued building the hotels and railroads for people desiring winter vacations in sunny Florida. These magnates took an interest in the promotion of and improvements in Florida in an effort to bring in more tourist dollars. Clearwater also promoted its healthy and clean environment, as streets were cleaned and garbage was collected every day. After World War I, Florida experienced unprecedented growth. Various factors encouraged the boom period including the mild climate, increasing numbers of tourists, widespread use of the automobile, more roadways, and the lack of state income or inheritance taxes. During this period throughout Florida bank deposits increased, real estate companies opened in many cities, and state and county road systems expanded quickly. Earlier land reclamation projects created thousands of new acres of land to be developed. Real estate activity increased steadily after the war's end and drove up property values. Prices on lots were inflated to Janus Research 11 ' ' ' ' , ' , ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 appear more enticing to out-of-state buyers. Every city and town in Florida had new subdivisions platted and lots were selling and reselling for quick profits. Southeast Florida, including cities such as Miami and Palm Beach, experienced the most activity, although the boom affected most communities in central and southern Florida (Weaver et al. 1996:3). This boom had a dramatic impact on Pinellas County; the population increased from 28,265 in 1920 to 62,149 in 1930. Clearwater saw an increase from 2,427 residents in 1920 to 7,607 in 1930 (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:98). Clearwater witnessed an era of intense real estate investment, with developers creating subdivisions, commercial areas, and hotels. Buildings constructed during the boom years include the Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, erected in 1923 in honor of World War I soldiers and featuring Louis Comfort Tiffany windows; Calvary Baptist Church, erected in 1926 at the corner of Cleveland Street and Osceola Avenue; the Mediterranean Revival Capitol Theatre, on Cleveland Street, later known as the Royalty Theatre Company; and the Guaranty Title and Trust Building, originally constructed circa 1925 as the Bank of Clearwater and later served as the Chamber of Commerce from 1935 until 1946 (Sanders 1983:66, 105, 107; Clearwater Historical Society c.1990). ' Construction projects such as the Fort Harrison Hotel, Clearwater's 1926 skyscraper, brought more jobs, tourists, and new residents to the area. The 12-story building was constructed for approximately $1 million by developer Ed Haley and designed by New York archrtect, ' Robert F. Smallwood. The hotel was later operated by R.E. Olds of Lansing, Michigan, inventor of the Oldsmobile and founder of Oldsmar. He traded the Oldsmar Race Track for ownership. of the hotel (Clearwater Sun 1988). ' , ' ' ' � ' ' ' Road building became a statewide concern, as automobiles became more affordable and road construction shifted from a local to a state function. These roads made even remote areas of the state accessible and allowed the boom to spread. During the 1920s, several major bridge projects were completed in the area, such as the Gandy Bridge linking St. Petersburg to Tampa that was finished in 1924, and a new bridge to Clearwater Island, known as the Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial Causeway or "million dollar causeway," completed in 1927. Captain Ben T. Davis' nine and one-half mile causeway from Clearwater to Tampa was started in 1927 and later completed in 1934 (Sanders 1983:83-84). Clearwater was growing so fast during this period that renowned city planner John Nolen was hired to create the 1926 Comprehensive City Plan. This included a regional plan to connect the city with its environs, and a focused downtown plan, which paid special attention to the city's relationship with the waterfront (City of Clearwater 2003b). Although plans appeared to be moving forward in Clearwater, several events led to the bust of the Florida real estate boom. Housing was scarce, more lots were for sale than could be sold, more acreage was available than could be portioned into subdivisions, and prices were out of proportion to the value (Parks 1991:118; Sessa 1950:353). Then, in August of 1925, the Florida East Coast Railroad announced an embargo on all carload freight except fuel, petroleum, livestock and perishable goods (Sessa 1950:264-265). Soon after, steamship companies followed suit and refused to bring in any additional goods until buyers cleared out the backlog of goods that existed in warehouses, freight cars, and steamships. This embargo Janus Research 12 � ' ' ' , ' 1 ' l _J City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 threatened the economy by delaying or cutting off the arrival of supplies for building contractors and forcing them to lay off workers. Compounding the problems posed by the embargo was an active anti-Florida campaign in the northern states. Major magazines did exposes on the often unscrupulous practices of Florida developers and warned of the dangers of speculating in Florida real estate. Another blow to the boom came with the hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 that hit South Florida. These hurricanes destroyed much property and also weakened the image of Florida as a tropical haven. By the time the stock market collapsed in 1929, Florida was already suffering from an economic depression. Construction activity halted and industry dramatically declined. Subdivisions platted several years earlier remained undeveloped and lots were occupied by partially finished buildings. In Clearwater, new subdivision plats came to an abrupt halt, and platting activity did not resume until 1935. As previously discussed, there were several causes for the economic depression in Florida, including the grossly inflated real estate market and the hurricanes. During the Great Depression, Florida suffered significantly. Most areas of the state's economy were affected by the Depression. Beef and citrus production declined, manufacturing slowed, and development projects were stopped. One of the state's major sources for revenue, citrus, was impacted by the Mediterranean fruit fly invasion. Citrus packing plants in Clearwater were closed, and many employees were out of work (Sanders 1983:34). ' Even the railroad industry felt the pressures of the 1930s; service was greatly reduced and personnel were let go. In addition, the increasing use of the automobile lessened the demand for travel by rail. Despite the Depression, tourism remained an integral part of Florida's ' economy during this period. New highways made automobile travel to Florida easy and affordable, and more middle-class families were able to vacation in the "Sunshine State." ' ' � ' As a result of hard economic times, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated several national relief programs. Important New Deal-era programs were instituted such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The WPA provided jobs for professional workers and laborers, whose work included the construction or improvement of many roads, public buildings, parks, and airports in Florida. The CCC improved and preserved forests, parks, and agricultural lands (Miller 1990). Federal construction contracts for Bay Pines Hospital, the Veteran's Administration Center, and the post office on Cleveland Street kept Clearwater residents employed during this time. Additionally, the 1916 public library was enlarged three times between 1937 and 1939 as part of a WPA project (Clearwater Sun 1990). ' From the end of the Great Depression until after the close of the post-war era, Florida's history was inextricably bound with World War II and its aftermath. It became one of the nation's major training grounds far the various military branches including the Army, Navy, ' and Air Force. Prior to this time, tourism had been the state's major industry; it was brought to a halt as tourist and civilian facilities, such as hotels and private homes, were placed into wartime service. The influx of thousands of servicemen and their families increased , , Janus Research 13 , ' ' � ' ' ' ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 industrial and agricultural production in Florida, and also introduced these new residents to the warm weather and tropical beauty of Florida. Locally, the Belleview Biltmore Hotel, Fort Harrison Hotel, and the Gray Moss Inn were leased by the Army Air Force as barracks for soldiers stationed at MacDill and Drew Fields in Tampa (Dunn 1973:31; Sanders 1983:84). These properties were returned to the owners following the war. The Gandy Bridge and Ben T. Davis Causeway were forcefully sold to the government, and the tolls were discontinued for soldiers traveling from Pinellas County to Tampa (Sanders 1983:84). Railroads again profited, since servicemen, military goods and materials needed to be transported (Miller 1990). At the conclusion of World War II, Florida's economy was almost fully recovered. Tourism quickly rebounded and became the major source of the state's economy. Several servicemen who were housed at the Belleview Biltmore Hotel and the Fort Harrison Hotel during the war returned afterwards as permanent residents, leading to a post-war population boom in Clearwater and throughout Florida (City of Clearwater 2003b). Clearwater's population increased from 10,136 in 1940 to 15,861 in 1950 (Pinellas County Planning Deparhnent 1995:98). The improved roads were again an important aspect of this era, and the last segment of the Gulf Coast Highway was opened. This roadway provided a direct route from St. Petersburg to Tallahassee, and spurred development in the areas flanking it (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:4). Widespread automobile ownership affected the development of downtown Clearwater in the , 1950s. The larger cars as well as the increase in traffic resulted in parallel curbside parking on Cleveland Street rather than the previous diagonal parking and new surface parking lots. The Chamber of Commerce also created a more aggressive campaign to draw in new ' residents and tourists. At this time the phrase "Sparkling Clearwater and its Sparking Beaches" was coined by the Chamber (Cadwell 1977:95). By 1956, construction in the city totaled over $1 million and tourists were visiting in the summer and winter months. In 1957, , Clearwater was recognized as the second fastest growing city in the United States (Sanders 1983:150). � l__J ' ' l� � ' In the 1960s, Clearwater's population had gown to 34,653 residents, and by 1970, it increased to 52,074 residents (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:98). Tourism continued to be the major draw to the area throughout these decades, and citrus no longer contributed as greatly to the economy because of increased land values. Subdivisions, commercial centers, and roads were constructed in former groves (Sanders 1983:189). Roads and bridges were also expanded or replaced at this time. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Causeway was replaced by a new bridge in 1960s, and the Davis Causeway was improved and renamed the Courtney Campbell Causeway, in honor of a prominent member of the State Road Board from Clearwater (Dunn 1973:32). The Sunshine Skyway, from Manatee County to the southern Pinellas peninsula, was completed in 1954, and the Howard Franklin Bridge, linking Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties, was completed in 1960 (Pinellas County Planning Department 1995:5). Other major projects of this era included the new County Courthouse built in 1960 and located west of the original courthouse; the new City Hall constructed in 1966; the demolition of the original 1930s City Hall building in 1968; and the expansion of the Clearwater Public Library in 1961. Janus Research 14 ' , City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 ' During the years of the 1970s and 1980s, the gradual exodus from the downtown commercial center and surrounding residential areas was evident. Residential communities, mobile home parks, and condominiums developed further outside the main city center. However, in 1975, ' the Church of Scientology established their worldwide headquarters in the city, and purchased the Fort Harrison Hotel and former Bank of Clearwater. Since that time, the Church has notably increased its real estate holdings and presence in downtown Clearwater ' (Clearwater Sun 1988). The population of Pinellas County and the City of Clearwater has continued to grow through ' the present day. As of 2002, the city's population was 112,000 residents. The City of Clearwater is currently promoting significant efforts to revitalize the waterfront and the commercial core of downtown. At this time, the downtown consists of city and county ' agencies, professional service firms, majar financial institutions, and varied religious institutions. This historic resources reconnaissance survey is being undertaken by Janus Research on behalf of the City of Clearwater's Planning Department in an attempt to ' recognize the significant historic resources remaining in the downtown area and develop planning goals that combine the preservation of these historic resources while encouraging appropriate growth in the downtown. ' � ' ' , ' ' t_� , ' ' Janus Research 15 ' ' ' , ' � 1 C! 1 1 ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 METHODS With extensive experience in archaeology, architectural history, and historic preservation, Janus Research has surveyed thousands of resources throughout Pinellas, Pasco, Hillsborough, Polk, and Orange counties. Therefore, the survey team was familiar with the types of area resources and the available research materials located in the local public and private facilities. A historic resources reconnaissance survey was conducted far the Downtown Core. The reconnaissance investigation was conducted in March and April 2004. This reconnaissance included both a"windshield" and pedestrian investigation. Additionally, Amy Streelman, Project Manager for Janus Research, and Gina Clayton, City of Clearwater's Long Range Planning Manager, conducted a pedestrian survey of the project area on April 8, 2004. An architectural historian that meets the qualifications for archaeology, history, architecture, architectural history, or historic architecture contained in 36 CFR 61 (Procedures for Approved State and Local Historic Preservation Programs, Appendix A, Professional Qualifications Standards) and one assistant conducted the historic resources reconnaissance survey in order to ensure that each pre-1956 building, structure, object, and cemetery within the project area received a preliminary visual reconnaissance. Any property with features indicative of pre-1956 construction materials, building methods, or architectural styles was noted on the aerial photogaphs. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Sanborn Fire Insurance map information was referenced to determine historic resources whil� conducting the fieldwork. The year 1955 was chosen as the cut-off date for the survey because it fulfilled the 50-year criteria used by the NRHP for assessing historic buildings, and it allowed buildings that will soon meet the age requirement to be documented and included in planning processes. Each resource's individual significance was then evaluated for its potential eligibility for listing 1 by the City of Clearwater or in NRHP. The criteria utilized during the evaluation are featured in the following section of this report. Historic physical integrity was determined from site observations, field data, and photographic documentation, including historic photographs. The , Downtown Core's history was researched at local libraries to assist in determining known significant historical associations. The locations of NRHP-listed, determined NRHP-eligible, potentially NRHP-eligible historic resources, and/or Local Register-eligible resources were ' marked on aerial photographs. Photographs, preliminary descriptions, and evaluations of the significant historic resources were also prepared. ' 1 � 1 ' Concentrations of historic resources within the defined project area were noted in terms of their potential inclusion in local or NRHP historic districts. According to National Register Bulletin 1 S, "a district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development." Contributing and non-contributing buildings found within a potential historic district were documented with digital photographs and marked on the aerial photographs. Background research was conducted in order to evaluate the area's historical and architectural significance. Janus Research 16 , , ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' � � � ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey ojthe Downtown Core May 2005 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY CRITERIA The NRHP is a federal program with criteria for evaluating districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. Properties may be nominated to the NRHP as one of three categories: as a single, individual property; as a historic district, which features a concentration of significant buildings; or as a multiple property submission, which can include individual properties and districts that are thematically related. The NRHP is the "official" list of significant properties within the United States, however, it does not provide protection or control over private properties that are listed, unless federal funds and/or undertakings affect them. Typically, historic resources surveys employ the NRHP criteria as a basis for site evaluations. This is recommended by the U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service and Florida DHR. Survey findings can be utilized by various agencies and municipalities that are required to comply with both state and federal regulations. In order to evaluate the diverse resources found in the United States, the NRHP criteria are worded in a subjective manner. The following is a brief description of the criteria used to evaluate properties for inclusion in the NRHP. The City of Clearwater's criteria for historic designation follows. NRHP Criteria for Evaluation The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or methods of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory ar history. Resources such as cemeteries, birthplaces or graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the last 50 years are not generally considered to be eligible for the NRHP. However, if they are integral parts of districts that satisfy the criteria or if they fall within the following categories, these properties will qualify for listing in the NRHP: Janus Research 17 C � l__1 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 • A religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or • A building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant ' primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or , . A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or � . A cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or • A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or • A property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own exceptional significance; or • A property achieving significance within the past fifty years if it is of exceptional importance. NRHP Aspects of Integrity During the historic resources reconnaissance survey, the survey team noted and evaluated all historic resources in the specified project area that were built before 1956 and appeared on the Pinellas County Property Appraiser's tax rolls. Integrity was evaluated on the basis of criteria established by the U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service. According to National Register Bulletin I5, integrity is the ability of a property to convey its significance. A property must be significant under the above listed criteria and have integrity. The seven aspects of integrity include: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Deterioration, extensive modifications, the use of incompatible exterior siding or windows oftentimes compromises a building's integrity. NRHP Historic Districts National Register Bulletin IS states that the majority of the contributing components that make up a historic district and its character must possess integrity even if they are not distinctive on an individual basis. A district is no longer eligible if it contains so many alterations or new construction that it no longer conveys the sense of its history from the period of significance. A contributing resource adds to the historic architectural qualities or historical associations of a district because it is independently eligible for the NRHP, was present during the period of Janus Research 18 ' ' � ' ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey o.f the Downtown Core Mav 2005 significance, and possesses historical integrity that reflects it character. Contributing resources must be 50 years of age. A resource is considered noncontributing if it has been substantially altered since the period of significance, was constructed after the period of significance, or does not share the historical associations of the district. Local Criteria for Evaluation This survey also considered the criteria for local designation by the Clearwater City Council, as outlined in the City of Clearwater Community Development Code. The Clearwater City Council is authorized to designate historic properties and districts to meet the following obj ectives: • To protect, enhance, and preserve those resources that represent or reflect the City's cultural, social, economic, political, and architectural history; • To preserve and enhance property values, stabilize neighborhoods and other area's of , the City, increase economic benefits to the City and its inhabitants, continue the redevelopment of the center of the City, and promote and enrich the City's educational and cultural environment. ' ' ' ' ' CJ ' ' Historic properties may include, but are not limited to, Native American habitations, ceremonial sites, artifacts, and other properties, or any part thereof, having intrinsic historical, architectural, or archaeological value relating to the history, government, and culture of the City. The following criteria, which are based directly on the NRHP criteria, are used in evaluating proposed historic properties and districts: • Whether the property or district is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of city, state, or national history; • Whether the property or district is associated with the lives of persons significant in history; • Whether the property or district possesses distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or is the representation of the work of a master, or possesses artistic values; • Whether the property or district has yielded or is likely to yield information important in prehistory or history. Properties and districts shall be classified as exceptional if they satisfy all of the above four ' criteria. If they satisfy three, they shall be classified as excellent. Notable properties satisfy two of the criteria. If the property or district satisfies one of the above criteria, it is classified as "of value as part of the scene." ' ' Janus Research 19 ' , Local Historic Districts City of Clearwater Planning and Eligzbility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 ' Contributing properties to a local historic district must meet the following criteria: ' • The structure's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association add to the district's sense of time and place and historical development and contribute to the historical significance of the district; � • Structures that have been built since 1940 shall not be considered to contribute to the historical significance of a district unless a strong justification concerning their ' historical or architectural merit is given, or the historical attributes of the district or structure are considered to have arisen since 1940. This criterion is inconsistent with the criteria recommended by the NRHP, which states that contributing resources � must be SO years of age. The Development Code should be changed in order to be consistent with the NRHP. This is also further discussed in Appendix B, which includes recommendations for improvements to the ordinance. ' ' � ' � ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' .Ianus Research 20 ' ' ' ' ' ' � ' � ' 1 , , , � City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey o.f the Downtown Core Mav 2005 FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE SEARCH AND LITERATURE REVIEW A comprehensive FMSF search and literature review was performed to determine the locations of NRHP-listed, determined NRHP-eligible, or potentially NRHP-eligible historic resources. The search conducted in the project area revealed that previous work has been performed in the vicinity and a large number of historic resources exist in the Downtown Core. Previous cultural and historic resource surveys that have occurred in the vicinity of the Downtown Core are represented in Table 1. Table 1. Previous Gultural and Historic ttesource surve s -�;� r��., :, , ;,:�.+','�,�.. „ .:,,,;:�,�,`s��,�4#� .< .... -;.� <;,.,;,' �d�„3„a�,,.,s, ��41.�1/R., tt, �faf��",�/ .a'r•a`,.r��- s Eight Tracts Surveyed in City of Clearwater, Pinellas Count , Florida. Robinson, Ra C. 1976 Oak Cove #2 [Archaeological] Survey, Clearwater, Pinellas Count , Florida. Robinson, Ra C. 1975 Harbor Commons Development [Archaeological] Surve , Clearwater, Pinellas Count , Florida. Robinson, Ra C. 1976 An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Unincor orated Areas of Pinellas Count , Florida. Austin, Robert J. 1991 A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Drew Street (SR590) PD&E Study Area From Pierce Boulevard to Northeast Coachman Road, Pinellas Count , Florida. Alm , Marion M. 1993 A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey, SR 60 (Memorial Causeway) Bridge PD&E Study, City of Clearwater, Florida Bur er, Bill 1997 Clearwater Historic Preservation Survey and Planning Project: The Clearwater Central Business District and the Old Clearwater Ba Nei hborhood Alm , Marion M. 1998 Technical Memorandum, a Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the Right-of-Way (ROW) Transfer on Alternate US 19 from Missouri Avenue to M rtle Avenue, Pinellas Count ACI 2002 The FMSF serves as an archive of all known archaeological and historical structures and sites in Florida. The properties recorded in the FMSF are not required to meet any minimum level of significance, but they must be at least 50 years old. Documentation on FMSF forms typically includes the physical description, the location, and a photograph of the property. A search of the electronic files kept by the FMSF for previously recorded historic resources ' in the Downtown Core revealed 91 documented buildings. These resources are listed in Table 2. Of these, the Clearwater Public Library, 100 N. Osceola Avenue (8PI08506), and Haven Street House, 400 Pierce Boulevard (8PI08022), have been demolished. , ' ' Janus Research 21 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' CI� ' ' lJ' ' , � , 1 ' ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Table 2. Previousl Recorded Historic Resources x � ; � ':.�IM�� r ��: ,>� �' �,< ; �? �, . . �' � k�� ' __ �� ,,,, , .�`I��. . @�.��:� �lSB 8PI00317 Cleveland Street Post Office/650 Cleveland Street 8P100737 Jose h J. Eldrid e House/119 S. Osceola Avenue 8P100860 Coachman Buildin /503 Cleveland Street 8PI01894 Old Pinellas Count Courthouse/315 Court Street 8P101895 127-133-137 N. Garden Avenue 8P102251 Calva Ba tist Church/331 Cleveland Street 8PI02252 The Exchan e Buildin /401 Cleveland Street 8PI02253 Ro alt Theatre Com an /405 Cleveland Street 8P102254 409 Cleveland Street 8PI02255 Guarant Title and Trust Buildin /411 Cleveland Street 8P102256 Ba View Buildin /410-418 Cleveland Street 8P102257 413 Cleveland Street 8PI02258 Chateau Madrid Restaurant/415 Cleveland Street 8PI02259 The Colon Arcade/421-423 Cleveland Street 8P102260 Weisman Buildin /431 Cleveland Street 8P102261 Peo les Bank Buildin /430-432 Cleveland Street 8P102262 Bank of Clearwater Buildin /500 Cleveland Street 8PI02263 519 Cleveland Street 8PI02264 526, 528, 530 Cleveland Street 8P102265 529, 531, 533 Cleveland Street 8P102266 Pad ett Buildin /534 Cleveland Street 8P102267 Jackson Buildin /Brown Brothers Buildin /615-621 Cleveland Street 8P102268 616-626 Cleveland Street 8P102269 628 Cleveland Street 8PI02270 635-637 Cleveland Street 8P102271 645-647-649 Cleveland Street 8P102272 701-705 Cleveland Street 8P108022 Haven Street House demolished /400 Pierce Boulevard 8P108023 Fort Harrison Hotel/210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108024 Peace Memorial Presb erian Church/110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108372 525 Chestnut Street 8P108373 609 Chestnut Street 8PI08374 Luce House/617 Chestnut Street 8P108375 619 Chestnut Street 8P108400 711 Grove Street 8P108410 McKinne Weldin Com an /715 Laura Street 8P108411 Peo les Furniture Com an /716 Laura Street 8P108412 720 Laura Street 8P108416 606-608 Court Street 8P108417 609 Court Street Janus Research 22 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , 1 , ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 �-� .� �� -� �� , � � � ' � � ' �� .. ' ...... . : ; � �� m,��dr�� ' �� „� >,. �.:�,,. ��: _._,_ � � - ......... 8P108418 610 Court Street 8P108419 635 Court Street 8PI08420 Moose Lod e/652 Court Street 8PI08421 Old Fort Harrison Veterans Post 2473/651 Court Street 8P108422 Seaboard Air Line Railroad De ot 8P108423 700 Court Street 8P108424 705 Court Street 8PI08425 725 Court Street 8P108426 Clearwater Masonic Lod e 127/408 S. Garden Avenue 8P108427 411-417 S. Garden Avenue 8PI08428 34 N. Garden Avenue 8P108429 325-327 S. Garden Avenue 8P108430 514 Park Street 8P108431 805 Park Street 8PI08438 34 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8PI08443 Clearwater Observer/625 Franklin Street 8P108444 629-631 Franklin Street 8P108445 703 Franklin Street 8P108459 205 S. M rtle Avenue 8PI08460 Valentine Lumber Com an /504 S. M rtle Avenue 8PI08475 M 8� N Sandwich Sho /515 Hendricks Street 8PI08480 East Avenue Warehouse/120 N. East Avenue 8P108481 106 N. East Avenue 8P108482 S ur Distributin Com an /531 S. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108490 Manson Arcade Buildin /16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108491 The Ritz Theater/22 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8PI08492 White Sta e Arcade/22-26-28 N: Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108493 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108494 36-38 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108495 Firestone Store Auto Accessories/45 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108496 101 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108497 105-107 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108498 109-111 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108499 West Coast Hotel/118 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108500 123 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108501 129 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108506 Clearwater Public Librar demolished /100 N. Osceola Avenue 8P108513 Crowle House/717 Drew Street 8P108518 699 Drew Street 8P108519 108 N. M rtle Avenue Janus Research 23 � , ' , C� ' ' ' ' ' � ' ' , , ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 ��' � �� , ° E� `: �i� .... �': � :_ � , � . �ite N�rn�il�t�lc�r��._� . .. ' �� 8P108525 41 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8PI08526 33 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 8P108530 Clearwater Mattress Facto /500 S. M rtle Avenue 8P108531 311 S. Osceola Avenue 8P108532 305 S. Osceola Avenue 8P108533 530 Park Street 8PI08548 Dou las Manufacturin Com an /714 Cieveland Street 8P108549 708 Chestnut Street 8P108558 623-25-27 Cleveland Street 8P108560 Clearwater Fire De artment/101 N. Garden Avenue 8PI08562 639 Chestnut Street ' Janus Research 24 ' ' ' , 1 ' � ' ' , 1 � u , ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 RESULTS The Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core was conducted in March and April 2004. It should be noted that the findings in this report are based on Janus Research's professional and objective evaluations at the reconnaissance level and the established NRHP criteria and the City's Development Code. However, formal NRHP determinations or NRHP listings would need to be coordinated with the DHR staff. Additionally, local designations must follow the process outlined in the City's Development Code. 'This investigation identified the significant historic resources within the project area. The literature review and FMSF search identified 91 previously recorded historic resources in the defined Downtown Core project area. Two of these previously recorded resources are currently listed in the NRHP, the Cleveland Street Post Office, 650 Cleveland Street (8PI00317), and the Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street (8PI01894). Although these two buildings are not currently listed by the City of Clearwater, they are considered eligible for local designation. In the Downtown Core, an additional six resources recorded during previous cultural resources assessments were determined by the SHPO to be eligible for listing in the NRHP. Following the current reconnaissance survey and coordination with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with the Florida DHR, one building still appears eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, ll 0 S. Fort Harrison Avenue (8PI08024). Although this building is not currently listed by the City of Clearwater, it is also considered eligible for local designation. Four of the initial six potentially NRHP-eligible resources, the Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street (8PI00860), Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street (8PI02255), Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street (8PI02251}, and Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue (8PI08023), have been altered to such a degree that they no longer meet the strict significance criteria and integrity aspects for the NRHP established by the National Park Service. Consequently, they are not currently considered eligible far listing in the NRHP, but they are considered potentially eligible for designation at the local level by the City of Clearwater. One of the six potentially NRHP-eligible resources, Haven Street House, 400 Pierce Boulevard (8PI8022), is no longer extant. Two historic resources, the Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127, 408 S. Garden Avenue (8PI08426), and the Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street (8PI02262), are potentially eligible far local designation only. , The locations of the individually significant resources are demarcated on the map found in Figure 2. A summary of these findings is found in Table 3. Photographs and brief descriptions of the resources follow. ' , ' Janus Research 25 ' , , ' ' , ' ' ' , , ' ' , � l� ' ,.__ . _.._.._.......— .:m m' O D� Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 � :. _.. __. ' id ( � i .._ _ _ � _..._ �� ---...._ , . .... ._._ H e ic s e _. € . ..._..._ e nd r k Sho t . ..... ..._� ..�. i � ___.__.__._�... i f'- f \� . � � ... � \ I � �.. �.... � ... ti I I"� � "_�-- - '. �_ �, �.._ � ___.. _— '---.. _ � Laura Street �-- �' i ; \ � Laura Street i. ..._.._� . _ . l � ....._ _. i � � ___ _._. � � : ......... _ .. .. ____ � � � � ,.... ( ___ : � �;� ; ' . _.._.._....._( �_ ' , � . , ._' - r .- ...... ; � � -- - i��, ...._ ---- . .... i l 7 � ( ..... i_ . � ....._.. ' �_ ..-._._.. _ _. �G ' - — : i........ ..._.... r � . 50�3 Gieveland Street 650 _411._ � _ , — __, , r. ___ � �. �...___,_ � i I � I i I � ! � ;, 1 ._ _ , ;. -- �, __ _ , — � , � j: j � � ` j � : t � o _ . � _._ _ ,__ _ _ � �.: __ m i ; ( . . ...... .'�. Park Street ........... . . o, d-- '--_ __ .m . --- -____.r- . _......... � . ,._. .....-- - D .. - � .V/ 1 � O � ; f I� : 1 I ; E . :�-_. . i _. _. : . . I �.� �.. . .. � I �.: .. ��.:__. ..._. �II . 1 ____ ... 7 � I i � N ' I r . PierceSVeet ..._..`�_.,_._1... ..__.._...-�_.�......_. � _.... . ._ ___ ............... ; . � Pierce SVeet �� O_... __.__. .... _ l_ 3 r_ N � � � o , ; : _.__'_ ; t I , . , I... ._._.. ! - : s i � i r �^ � � 6 �...... ' 1_ _ . . ........ ._._.... _ _ �._._� :.... : : � � .............. .__ _ _ � ............. . Frankbn Street .. .... .. . I a ..__. _- � �""""'"'" _�� .......... ...... .., � N i : t '., ��. � : i �'.; . � i � � '�. ;.... _ :. ...___.._...... � d : : � � --- � a ' � � i � i � ' �- � � �� _ D f ' � � � : ..... m j :. ._ .... ___r_ _....____........... � . ,__ ___-'____ ....__.... : E I ' �� CourtStreet � � "�. - � �-�- �€ � I I �� i � ._� .. _i , � � � � c , ,� � m y . . �, : m N \ `•.,, '�. : . ........ �. : M 4.. __... __._.__ .................. � ___: � �� ----- ��Markley5treet � i ' m 0 v .. .... `.�� . �.... Chesfiut Avenue ..... �N� _... _ _ Roqers St 0 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.12 �'�Miles .. '�.. Legend - NRHP-Listed and Locally Eligible Locally and NRHP-Eligible � Locally Eligible , Figure 2: Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core , ' Janus Research 26 ' ' � ' ' LJ CI' 1 u ' ' ' , ' ' � ' , City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Table 3. Individually Eligible Resources Identified During the Historic Resource Reconnaissance Surve of the Downtown Core �N�� ,y� � ��. ' -�, � � �� " ,. ; , � . . ;; ' �i(c� �r.....�:_._..: i �. ±�IA�ddr�� :.,� :; �fa�� ,:.. �� t�:. .� .;,.., Cleveland Street Post Office/650 NRHP-Listed and 8PI00317 Cleveland Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Old Pinellas County NRHP-Listed and 8P101894 Courthouse/315 Court Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church/110 S. Fort Harrison NRHP and 8PI08024 Avenue Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Coachman Building/503 Cleveland 8P100860 Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Calvary Baptist Church/331 8PI02251 Cleveland Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Guaranty Title and Trust 8P102255 Buildin /411 Cleveland Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Bank of Clearwater Building/500 8P102262 Cleveland Street Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Fort Harrison Notel/210 S. Fort 8P108023 Harrison Avenue Locall Eli ible Individual Resource Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127/408 8P108426 S. Garden Avenue Locall Eli ible Individual Resource , Janus Research 27 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Individual Resources Currently Listed in the NRHP Figure 3: Cleveland Street Post Of�ce, 650 Cleveland Street, Facing Northeast. Figure 4: Cleveland Street Post Officc, 650 Cleveland �Ircct, c. 1933, Facing Northwest. From Clearwater, A Pictorial History. Janus Research Zg ' ' ' ' ' ' ' � ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI00317 Cleveland Street Post Office, 650 Cleveland Street The two-story Cleveland Street Post Office, designed by Theodore H. Skinner, was built and dedicated in 1933. This Mediterranean Revival style building was commissioned by the Federal government. Both the south and east facades feature seven bays. The five central bays on the east fa�ade are arched windows, while the five central bays on the south fa�ade create an arched entrance arcade. The arches are repeated on the second story in smaller windows grouped in sets of three. This masonry building is clad in limestone and topped by a hipped barrel-tile roof. This building is currently listed in the NRHP and is considered eligible for local designation. Janus Research 29 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Figure 5: Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street, Facing West. Figure 6: Old Pinellas County Courthouse, 315 Court Street, c. 1945, Facing West. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection. I' Janus Research 30 , ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI01894 Old Pinellas Countv Courthouse, 315 Court Street ' The Old Pinellas County Courthouse was designed by Francis J. Kennard. This two-story Classical Revival building was constructed in 1917, and two wings were added in 1924 and ' 1926. This building replaced the original temporary wood frame courthouse that was built in 1912, when Clearwater became the seat of the Pinellas County government. One of the piers flanking the full-fa�ade limestone entrance steps is carved with the date "1917." The , limestone entablature on the east fa�ade is supported by four two-story Ionic columns. The frieze reads, "Pinellas County Court House." A dentil course runs under the cornice. The remainder of the fa�ade is clad in brick. The one-over-one wood sash windows are topped ' with transom windows and flat concrete lentils. A stepped brick and limestone parapet conceals the flat roof. This building is currently listed in the NRHP and is considered eligible for local historic designation. ' ' ' ' � ' ' , , ' ' ' ' Janus Research 31 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Individual Resources Determined Eligible for Inclusion in the NRHP Figure 7: Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, 110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing Northwest. �; � � �, � . .. �-°. �._� �.� �; �. �� . � , :: \ ,,; 5 .�; f �, �r. �� _; %,�;,,. nY � � �>. �4° �a3 '— - . .. ...�u ��ft�s�' .�'gy'P''m�r_ �p� �'y ga � �a � ' � ii � �1.� r `� � � . . � <.. Figure 8: Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, ll0 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1921, Facing Northwest. From Images of America: Clearwater. .Ianus Research 32 , ' ' , ' ' ' , , ' , ' 1 , , � ' , � 8PI08024 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Peace Memorial Presbvterian Church. 110 S. Fort Harrison Avenue The two-story Mediterranean Revival Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church building was completed in 1923. At that time, the church was known as First Presbyterian Church of Clearwater. The church was founded as Clearwater Presbyterian Church in 1891, and it became Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church in 1924. The exterior of this building is clad in stucco. All of the fa�ades feature gable-shaped parapets, which partially conceal the cross- gabled roof. An arched entrance arcade runs along both the east and south sides of the irregular L-shaped plan. A six-story bell tower, highly decorated and topped by a dome, is found just south of the center of the L. Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church features over 70 stained glass windows. The arched stained glass windows in the north and south transepts are signed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Other decorative elements include Neoclassical pilasters topped by scuppers, corbelled masonry sills, arched lintels, finials, spiral columns, bas-relief garlands, and exposed rafter tails. This building is considered eligible for local historic designation and was previously determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. Janus Research 33 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Individual Resources Considered Potentially Eligible for Local Designation ' , � Jan�us Research Figure 9: Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street, Facing Southeast. Figure 10: Coachman Building, 503 Cleveland Street, c. 1920, Facing Southeast. On display at 503 Cleveland Street. 34 1 ' ' , , ' ' ' � ' ' ' ' ' , �J , , ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 SPI00860 Coachman Buildin�, 503 Cleveland Street At the time of its construction in 1917, the Coachman Building was the only five-story brick commercial building in Pinellas County. S.S. Coachman, the owner of Coachman and Sons General Merchandise Store, was a citrus rancher as well as a leader in the movement to create an independent Pinellas County. The north fa�ade is three bays wide, and the west fa�ade contains five bays. The original storefronts along these fa�ades have been replaced. The existing storefronts are currently designed to match those found on the adjacent McCrory's building. The second through fourth floors make up the shaft of this Commercial style building. The fourth and fifth floors are separated by a dentil course. Grouped arched windows mark the fifth floor, which is topped by an ornamented parapet concealing the flat roof. Other alterations to this historic resource include a non-historic five-story addition on the south end and the construction of a non-historic atrium that attaches this building to the adjacent McCrory's building. These additions have significantly enlarged the Coachman Building. In order for a building to meet NRHP eligibility criteria, the physical appearance of the building must convey the historic period. The alterations to the character defining elements and the modern additions have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that the historic period is no longer clear. Therefore, this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. This determination was made following consultation with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with DHR. However, enough of the historic character of this resource remains to consider it eligible for local historic designation. Janus Research 35 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 11: Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street, Facing Southwest. � ,``Q �F �p�+` � . � 'i./� �'^�� i 9 Y . �� / Rj .';y �, � .> ' i I� ��.. w �.?! "� � y ��' s.; a . �d�q »� '�'�. �s� �. ,� i� .. ��f Il��llillill ....�li p �jiill I �I II III �II I V��, ,.. '°+ o . .. ., - : . : �. x � ��a° m� ,.� ..�� . = a Figure 12: Calvary Baptist Church, 331 Cleveland Street, c.1924, Facing Southwest. From Images of America: Clearwater. Janus Resec�rch 36 ' ' ' ' ' ' u ' l__J ' ' ' , ' , ' ' , ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 8PI02251 Calvarv Baatist Church, 331 Cleveland Street The Calvary Baptist Church building was constructed in 1926 in the Mediterranean Revival style. The church was originally founded in 1866 as the Midway Baptist Church. 'This two- story brick building features an irregular plan topped by cross-gabled and hipped roofs, which are covered in barrel tile. The three-bay entrance porch on the east side features arched openings topped by a hipped roof. The three-bay entrance arcade on the north fa�ade appears to have been enclosed. Arched windows and doorways are repeated along the fa�ade on the first story. A three-story octagonal dome is found at the center of the building. Arched windows are found in sets of three on each side of the dome. A modern addition is found to the west. This addition has significantly enlarged the Calvary Baptist Church. In order for a building to meet NRHP eligibility criteria, the physical appearance of the building must convey the historic period. The alterations to the character defining elements and the modern addition have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that the historic period is no longer clear. Therefore, this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. This determination was made following consultation with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with DHR. However, enough of the historic character of this resource remains to consider it eligible for local historic designation. Janus Research 37 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 13: Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street, Facing South. � .� � ; ,.• . :,.:�.� ,..� �� . Figure 14: Guaranty Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street, c. 1935, Facing South. From Images of America: Clearwater. Jc�nus Research 3 8 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI02255 Guarantv Title and Trust Building, 411 Cleveland Street This two-story masonry building was constructed circa 1925 in the Greek Revival style. The full-farade entrance porch on the north side features four Tuscan columns that support an entablature with a dentilled cornice. Original cast concrete garlands are present below the building cornice at the ends of the fa�ade. Originally a bank, this building has also housed the Clearwater Chamber of Commerce and now serves as a retail store. The windows behind the columns, the original entrance, and the frieze have been replaced since the 1950s. A canvas awning recently has been added over the entrance. The alterations have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. This determination was made following consultation with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with DHR. However, enough of the historic character of this resource remains to consider it eligible for local historic designation. Janus Research 39 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 15: Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street, Facing North. Figure 16: Bank of Clearwater Building, 500 Cleveland Street, c. 1922, Facing Northeast. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection. Janus Research 40 ' ' ' , 1 ' 1 � ' � ' C�� , � ' ' ' � 1 ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI02262 Bank of Clearwater Buildin�, 500 Cleveland Street The two-story 1918 Bank of Clearwater Building was built in the Greek Revival style. The addition on the east end was added by 1922. The building adjacent to the north was attached internally to the Bank of Clearwater Building in 1929. Presently, the two buildings further to the north have are also attached to the Bank of Clearwater Building. The building is clad in brick and features four-over-four single-hung wood sash windows topped by single-pane transom windows. The limestone entablature on the south fa�ade is supported by two two- story Roman Doric columns. 'The carved frieze, which originally read "Bank of Clearwater" now reads "Church of Scientology." Triglyphs and decorative metopes are also found in the frieze. A dentil course runs underneath the cornice. The limestone and brick parapet conceals a flat roof. The parapet is accented with a circular bas-relief Scientology symbol, which replaced the original oval-shaped cartouche. The additions have significantly enlarged the Bank of Clearwater Building. In order for a building to meet NRHP eligibility criteria, the physical appearance of the building must convey the historic period. The alterations to the character defining elements and the modern additions have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that the historic period is no longer clear. Therefore, this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. The alterations and massing changes have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. This determination was made following consultation with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with DHR. However, enough of the historic character of this resource remains to consider it potentially eligible for local historic designation. Janus Research 41 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 � � � � �,� � > � , �� -�i � � �e k` , � ��; � � � � � �� . � � � � �� °�� t�. ��? �, � � � � � �t- � ,� � �� - � � � � � � ��,. t �� ' t� � � � � �� ` # � � `� � tr1��`� '� ,�� ° � � � �� -�� w � � � � � � � .� �- � Figure 17: Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing Southwest. Figure 18: Fort Harrison Hotel, 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1925, Facing Southwest. From Images of America: Clearwater. Janus Research 42 � �� , ' LJ , ' , ' ' , L_.l , ' ' ' lJ ' ' L � Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 8PI08023 Fort Harrison Hotel. 210 S. Fort Harrison Avenue The Fort Harrison Hotel, developed by Ed Haley and designed by Robert F. Smallwood, was completed in 1926. It was the first luxury hotel in Clearwater, featuring a formal ballroom and rooftop gardens. During World War II, the hotel housed the 588th Army Airborne Squadron. The mezzanine was expanded, and an auditorium and 85 additional guest rooms were added by 1955 (Flag Service Organization 2003). The east fa�ade consists of 19 bays. The central 11 bays are 11 stories high and capped by a hipped roof. The four outer bays on the north end are nine stories high and topped by a flat roof. The four outer bays on the south end are 11 stories high, although the top two floors are stepped back from the east fa�ade. Pilasters are found between the bays on the first two projecting stories. Arched windows on the mezzanine imitate those found at that level before it was expanded. Masonry quoins are located at the corners and in between the fourth and fifth bays and the fifteenth and sixteenth bays. Pilasters terminating in cartouches also separate the central 11 bays on the top two floors. Cast masonry rafter tails run below the roofline. A skywalk has been added recently to the center bay at the third story, connecting the Fort Harrison Hotel to a modern building across S. Fort Harrison Avenue. This addition destroyed the building's main entrance. Additionally, the first floor storefronts and all the windows have been modified and historic balconies have been removed. In order for a building to meet NRHP eligibility criteria, the physical appearance of the building must convey the historic period. The alterations to the character defining elements and the modern additions have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that the historic period is no longer clear. Therefore, this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. The alterations and massing changes have impacted the historic physical integrity to the extent that this building can no longer meet the NRHP eligibility criteria. This determination was made following consultation with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with DHR. However, enough of the historic character of this resource remains to consider it potentially eligible for local historic designation. Janus Research 43 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Figure 19: Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127, 408 S. Garden Avenue, Facing Northwest. 8PI08426 Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127, 408 S. Garden Avenue The three-story Greek Revival style Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127 was built in 1927. The full-fa�ade limestone entablature on the east fa�ade is supported by two two-story Ionic columns, which flank the central bay of this three-bay fa�ade. A dentil course runs under the cornice. The remainder of the fa�ade is clad in brick. Two small wings, found on the north and south ends of the building, are topped by stuccoed entablatures. A second-story parch on the north wing is supported by four Ionic columns. One-over-one single-hung wood sash windows feature masonry sills and lintels with keystones. This building exhibits some additions and modifications; however, it is considered potentially eligible for local historic designation. .Ianus Research 44 ' CI LI ' 1 , ' ' 1 lJ ' ' , ' � ' ' ' ' Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Historic District Evaluation During this current reconnaissance survey, the Downtown Core was evaluated for the potential existence of a historic district. Historic districts typically encompass a contiguous area of land containing a significant concentration of historic buildings, sites, structures, and objects that make up the district. Historic districts draw their identity from the shared characteristics of the resources they contain. Districts are distinct geographic areas that can be differentiated from their surroundings and that exhibit a clear visual boundary. Boundaries can be determined where changes occur in density, scale, resource type, and architectural style, or by differences in patterns of historical development and association. Each of the buildings 50 years of age or older identified in the Downtown Core was considered for its potential to contribute to a historic district. The DHR generally recommends a concentration of contributing resources within a historic district of 50 percent or better, but 60 percent is preferred. Contributing resources add to the character of the historic district by independently meeting NRHP-eligibility criteria or retaining a sufficient degree of their historic physical integrity and representing the period of historic significance. Buildings with extant original architectural details and materials, such as windows, fenestration patterns, siding, and rooflines, are considered to retain their historic physical integrity. The majority of historic buildings in the Downtown Core have been altered to some extent. Severe alterations, including the replacement and alteration of historic materials, architectural elements, fenestration patterns, and entire facades, destroy the historic physical integrity, and thus, the character of the buildings. Buildings with historic dates of construction are considered non-contributing when they exhibit extensive alterations that prevent them from conveying their historic character. Non-contributing resources may also have been constructed after the period of historic significance. At this time, it is difficult to say that there is a defensible historic district within the Downtown Core. This determination was made following the reconnaissance survey and coordination with Dr. W. Carl Shiver, Historic Sites Specialist with the Florida DHR, and Ellen J. Uguccioni, member of the Florida National Register Review Board, a committee of the Florida Historical Commission. This was also documented in 1998 as part of ACI's Clearwater Historic Preservation Survey and Planning Project: Clearwater Central Business District and the Old Clearwater Bay Neighborhood. While much of the historic scale, feeling, and development pattern in the Downtown Care is still apparent, the bulk of the individual resources within the area do not retain sufficient integrity to constitute a historic district. The majority of historic resources in the Downtown Core date from 1910 through 1949, the years that saw the most extensive commercial development in downtown Clearwater. These years encompass the rebuilding of the downtown after the 1910 fire, the 1920s Land Boom, and the years of growth and development after World War II. The historic resources in the Downtown Core solidly exhibit this development pattern and the dynamic history of downtown Clearwater. Several of the buildings have important known historical associations. These resources include, but are certainly not limited to, the Bay View Building, home of the early Bay View Hotel; the first Clearwater Fire Department; the Padgett Building, which Janus Research 45 C�� 1 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 housed the Peninsular Telephone Company on the second floor; the Exchange Building, the ' home of the Clearwater Sun newspaper; and the Royalty Theatre Company, originally a movie house known as the Capitol Theatre. The presence of these resources with strong historical associations provide a persuasive justification for a locally and NRHP-eligible ' historic district in the Downtown Core under Criterion A of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' , , ' ' ' ' A number of individual buildings located within the Downtown Core have been identified for independent local designation and/or inclusion in the NRHP. While the designation and recognition of these resources can be a first priority, the next priority would be to encourage the appropriate rehabilitation and/or restoration of other historic buildings within the Downtown Core. The rehabilitation and/or fa�ade restorations of downtown buildings, according to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and local Design Guidelines, could assist in reestablishing eligibility for local designation or inclusion in the NRHP on an individual basis or as part of the historic district. Most importantly, sensitive rehabilitation and/or restoration activities would assist the City's efforts to revitalize the historic and present "heart" of Clearwater. As part of this study, several historic buildings that have been insensitively modified but could be appropriately "brought back" to their original appearance have been identified. Buildings that have had extensive modifications, including the removal of upper stories such as the building at 415 Cleveland Street, were not included. A similar evaluation was also undertaken during the 1998 Clearwater Historic Preservation Survey and Planning Project.• Clearwater Central Business District and the Old Clearwater Bay Neighborhood. Buildings that could be improved in order to gain contributing status within a historic district have been identified; and individual buildings that could undergo rehabilitation and/or restoration in order to reestablish their architectural significance and independent NRHP eligibility were also noted. These buildings would require an evaluation by a professional architect or structural engineer to ascertain the feasibility of their rehabilitation. These buildings are listed in Table 4. Eight representative resources of this type, aside from the individually eligible resources discussed above, are also featured in the following photogaphs and narratives. Table 4. Resources Featurin Reversible Alterations in the Downtown Core , n" � , : � s3��p9� T3 .: ��/� .: /m�t* / � ii 1� �� /i �� ,�y3 5 � �W : � ......'� I :• � - "2�� 3 - %��t� 3 -%��. � �4,�.,; �/i5 : � ��.' ; N�u1'�'� '+�'�, ,,, ,,,: ''�i�� t��t��+��.f, ,, � ,CT��'�I!�.• ' ; � � ,,, :; ��tt� � ��,>' S, Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- Coachman Building/503 Cleveland Eligible Pending Rehabilitation; 8P100860 Street 1917 Contributin to Potential District Calvary Baptist Church/331 Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- 8PI02251 Cleveland Street 1926 Eli ible Pendin Rehabilitation Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- Guaranty Title and Trust Building/411 Eligible Pending Rehabilitation; 8PI02255 Cleveland Street c.1925 Contributin to Potential District Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- Bank of Clearwater Building/500 Eligible Pending Rehabilitation; 8P102262 Cleveland Street 1918 Contributin to Potential District Janus Research 46 ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 // „.,. f i�3 '. � 3�� 333i� j 3 / � %�j//�' 3lL 3 3 3 � 3 � t ..; Y �� I �i � � � � � � � i � p�/�// �� j �3 ��3�s�a i ,�//1 ,.. ' ,'. � a%F.',� �� ari � �ii �aza �, ��<� _ � , , . '�:. �'C'+�„1�.,�r". . ..''s ..,.. ��; y�. - ,. .: - ... i s , ij� ' , .�?:+,4", ii,�' � ;:'. � ��ii�: "�� ,,,,, ,z� . .3,ui - - �, f✓ i;. � __ :, Fort Harrison Hotel/210 S. Fort Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- 8PI08023 Harrison Avenue 1926 Eli ible Pendin Rehabilitation Clearwater Masonic Lodge 127/408 Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP- 8P108426 S. Garden Avenue 1927 Eli ible Pendin Rehabilitation The Exchange Building/ 401 Contributing to Potential District 8P102252 Cleveland Street c.1915 Pendin Rehabilitation Royalty Theatre Company/ 405 Contributing to Potential District 8P102253 Cleveland Street c.1920 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8P102254 409 Cleveland Street c.1924 Pendin Rehabilitation Bay View Building/ 410-414 Contributing to Potential District 8P102256 Cleveland Street 1911 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8PI02256 416-418 Cleveland Street c.1911 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8PI02257 413 Cleveland Street c.1926 Pendin Rehabilitation The Colony Arcade/ 421-423 Contributing to Potential District 8PI02259 Cleveland Street 1911 Pendin Rehabilitation Peoples Bank Building/ 430-432 Contributing to Potential District 8P102261 Cleveland Street c.1910 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8P102265 529-533 Cleveland Street c.1916 Pendin Rehabilitation Padgett Building/ 534 Cleveland Contributing to Potential District 8P102266 Street c.1915 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8PI02270 635 Cleveland Street c.1940 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8P102271 645-649 Cleveland Street c.1952 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8PI02272 701-707 Cleveland Street c.1925 Pendin Rehabilitation Mason Arcade Building/ 16-20 N. Fort Contributing to Potential District 8PI08490 Harrison Avenue c.1923 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District 8P108493 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue 1911 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District N/A 34 N. Fort Harrison Avenue c.1925 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District N/A 528-530 Cleveland Street c.1915 Pendin Rehabilitation Jackson Building/ Brown Brothers Contributing to Potential District N/A Buildin / 615 Cleveland Street c.1928 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District N/A 425-429 Cleveland Street c.1929 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District N/A 629-633 Cleveland Street c.1950 Pendin Rehabilitation Contributing to Potential District N/A 623-627 Cleveland Street c.1945 Pendin Rehabilitation Eleven buildings were identified that could contribute in their present condition to a historic district. However, these 11 buildings do not constitute a sufficient concentration of resources contributing to a historic district. Figure 20 shows the location of the contributing resources Janus Research 47 ' � City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 and the buildings that could be contributing, pending rehabilitation, to a historic district. The ' status of each resource was determined based on a visual evaluation of the building's present architectural style and its appearance in historic photographs, when available. These resources are listed in Table 5. ' ______ . _ , , , � �' ! � � � ' ' ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' 1 ' Laura Stree[ �. _...—__ Y �� . � d _ � ��,� � � � � _ '.� . . <1D6 dt&5 .. d ... qp a i 3 �_ss �ai �A� �� I i N� � 0�O ....._____ m____.__... _ D1 �i mi i i ,. . I ............... . ..: Pierce Street � �_ , ,_ ; _._ . � , i ;' ' ' i __ � Drew Street .. ._....,, i z � o f � ; 2 '__.__..__;. � t 0' a'', ' � ' � m:� � ..............� � �" ,,''� � � � � 500 ......... - ��"� 5?L30 SN ; Laura Street - _ _ ___ _ _ �_ ! i i_....�j � ! , i I I � � �� _ _ :_ . . . ....' 620 650 � Cleveland Slreel ' 503 50AtI 519 ......... 539 .... 631J 63933 635 6�59 . �0 ) � � � �� . ................ ; .. ..... �� . .� � fc�� I , i � ., �......... .._.� . �i , I I ,''.� � ''., � �' � ; '� ._ ................ ! .,, : i _._.._ .. ...... ......... I i.........._.._.... ParkSheet -� - ........ _...___ . .......... . ._.__ ..._._.._... ,, .... __ i __. . I �� ( _ , I : i ' i � i ; , �'': D :_. � .i � � i . . � �,__._.. ��, ��, � ��: � ( m � � .. . __ .....__ .._. __ .,....... ......._. � Pierce Street �� 0 0.015 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12. Miles Legend _ ' : . Contributing Resource �� Contri6uting Resource if Rehabilitated Franklm Stieet � �'�, Non-Contributing Resource I Figure 20: Contributing Resources and Resources that could be Contributing, Pending Rehabilitation, to a Potential Downtown Historic District. ' Janus Research 48 1 ' ' t ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' , ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Table 5. Resources Gontributin to a Potential liistoric Uistrict 1n tneir Nresent cond�tion � � � � � � . , � ��,�- ''��'� � � � ..f G '' .. ,., , ' ; ; ,,,,,,,, , �. ,. . .' ��e..�Ca . � ,� �lr�� , ;, �, .; - B�[�t� : . _..: ' �__ ��t�S' ', NRHP-Listed; Individually Locally Cleveland Street Post Office/650 Eligible; Contributing to Potential 8P100317 Cleveland Street 1933 District Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP-Eligible Pending Coachman Building/503 Cleveland Rehabilitation; Contributing to 8P100860 Street 1917 Potential District Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP-Eligible Pending Guaranty Title and Trust Building/411 Rehabilitation; Contributing to 8PI02255 Cleveland Street c.1925 Potential District Weisman Building/431 Cleveland 8PI02260 Street c.1911 Contributin to Potential District Individually Locally Eligible; NRHP-Eligible Pending Bank of Clearwater Building/500 Rehabilitation; Contributing to 8P102262 Cleveland Street 1918 Potential District 8P102263 519 Cleveland Street c.1930 Contributin to Potential District The Ritz Theater/22 N. Fort Harrison 8P108491 Avenue c.1924 Contributin to Potential District 8P108492 24-28 N. Fort Harrison Avenue c.1924 Contributin to Potential District White Stage Arcade/36-38 N. Fort 8PI08494 Harrison Avenue c.1925 Contributin to Potential District N/A 509-513 Cleveland Street c.1940 Contributin to Potential District N/A 628 Cleveland Street c.1910 Contributin to Potential District ' Janus Research 49 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 21: The Exchange Building, 401 Cleveland Street, Facing Southeast. 8PI02252 The Exchange Buildin�, 401 Cleveland Street The two-story Exchange Building, the original home of the Clearwater Sun newspaper, was constructed circa 1915. This building features one bay on its north fa�ade and five bays on its west fa�ade. The bays contain grouped fixed arched windows. Dome-shaped awnings cap the second-story bays, which contain the historic one-over-one wood sash windows set in compound frames. A non-historic balcony with a wrought iron railing wraps around the north and west fa�ades of this commercial building. Original brick is still intact between the bays, but vertical wood siding has been added to the exterior in places. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. However, the alterations to the exterior of this building, especially the replacement of the first story windows and siding, appear to be easily reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. Janus Research 50 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 22: Bay View Building, 410-�t14 Clevetand Strect, Facing Northeast. Figure 23: Bay View Building, 410-414 Cleveland Street, Facing Northeast. On display at 420-428 Cleveland Street. � � Janus Reseczrch 51 , 1 ll � , ' l� ' ' C'� , ' ' , u ' ' , LJ City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI02256 Bav View Building, 410-414 Cleveland Street This two-story masonry commercial building, historically used as the Bay View Hotel, was constructed in 1911. The two storefronts have been modernized, and the historic vertical hanging signage advertising the Bay View Hotel has been removed. Alterations, including the application of a scored stucco veneer that covers much of the original fenestration, have been made to the fa�ade at the second-story level to make this building appear to be one with the adjacent building, 416-418 Cleveland Street. Additionally, a metal leaf band was added between the first and second floors of this building and the adjacent building in the 1960s by Tarpon Springs architect Ed Hoffinan, Sr. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. However, the alterations to the exterior of this building, particularly the application of the metal banding and the scored stucco veneer, appear to be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. Janus Research 52 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Figure 24: 416-418 Cleveland Street, Facing Northwest. 8PI02256 416-418 Cleveland Street Built circa 1911, this two-story masonry commercial building features a two-bay fa�ade on the south side. In 1913, the Clearwater post office was located in this building. The two storefronts have been modernized. Alterations have been made to the fa�ade at the second- story level to make this building appear to be one with the adjacent Bay View Building, 410- 414 Cleveland Street. Additionally, a metal leaf band was added between the first and second floors of this building and the adjacent building in the 1960s by Tarpon Springs architect Ed Hoffman, Sr. A historic vertical hanging sign, which advertised Schaffer's Cafe in the 1930s, is still found above the west storefront. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. However, the alterations to the exterior of this building, particularly the application of the metal banding and the scored stucco veneer, appear to be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. Janus Research 53 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 25: 413 Cleveland Street, Facing South. ' SPI02257 413 Cleveland Street This small, one-story commercial building, built circa 1926, features a single-bay farade on , the north side. The exterior has been altered with the addition of a brick veneer and metal parapet. A canvas awning has been hung over the storefront. The historic character of this resource, formerly the home to the County Title Company, is no longer apparent. However, ' the alterations to the exterior of this building could be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. ' I' � Janus Research 54 ' I ' Janus Research City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 26: The Colony Arcade, 421-423 Cleveland Street, Facing South. Figure 27: The Colony Arcade, 421-423 Cleveland Street, c. 1911, Facing Southeast. From Clearwater, A Pictoric�l History. 55 ' , ' CI' , ' ' � ' �J ' , , � ', _l ' ' CJ Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI02259 The Colonv Arcade, 421-423 Cleveland Street This three-story brick building was built in 1911, after the fire that destroyed many of the wood buildings in downtown Clearwater. A drugstore was originally located in the first floor. The building is notable for its original ornamental frieze, which wraps around the east, north, and west fa�ades. The brick on the north fa�ade has been covered with stucco, but the original brick is still visible on the east and west sides. An arcade has been added at the starefronts, visually connecting this building with the adjacent building at 425-429 Cleveland Street. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. However, the alterations to the exterior of this building appear to be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. ' Janus Research 56 Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 28: Peoples Bank Building, 430-432 Cleveland Street, Facing Northwest Figure 29: Peoples Bank Building, 430-432 Cleveland Street, c. ' 1925, Facing Northeast. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Collection. I, � � Janus Research 57 ' ' L' �J � lJ ' lJ C LJ� , ' ' ' ' � CI �I ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 SPI02261 Peoples Bank Buildin�, 430-432 Cleveland Street The two-story Peoples Bank Building, constructed circa 1910, features four bays on its south fa�ade and 11 bays on its east fa�ade. The building has been enlarged by a non-historic addition on the north end. The historic door and window pattern on the first story is no longer visible, due to the removal of parts of the exterior wall and the creation of a recessed entrance at the southeast corner. Modern windows and awnings have been added on the second floor, although two of the historic arched window openings are still extant. A metal veneer conceals the first story transom windows, decorative tile paneling between the first and second stories, some of the windows on the second story, and the original stepped parapet. This modern cladding extends above the roofline. Additionally, the barrel-tiled, hipped overhang and its wood knee braces have been removed. It is notable that several of the historic Mediterranean Revival style architectural elements no longer present on this building were not original and were added in the 1920s. A suspended clock remains on the southeast corner of the building. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. Some of these alterations may be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. Janus Research 58 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of'the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 30: I��Iason A►•cade Building, 16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing West. � � _� � `� � � '� � il;�� ,� : ' u�� ; �� . ��_ _ ��.,; �%, �,_„ �,I Figure 31: Mason Arcade Building, 16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, c.1925, Facing Southwest. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Archives. Junus Resenrch 59 � 1 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 8PI08490 Mason Arcade Building, 16-20 N. Fort Harrison Avenue ' The two-story Mason Arcade Building, built circa 1923, features a three-bay fa�ade on the east side. A two-story arch, which formerly led into the arcade, is found in the central bay. ' The outer two bays each consist of three narrow two-story arched windows. The original fa�ade has been covered with a brick veneer. The top of historic parapet is visible above and behind the shed roof. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. ' However, the alterations to the exterior of this building, particularly the application of the brick veneer and the replacement of the original windows, appear to be reversible. With the proper rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic ' district within the Downtown Core. ' ' ' ' � ' ' 11 ' � ' ' ' Janus Research 60 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Figure 32: 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, Facing East. ; �"' � : � � �� a �,, � , �' ��` ��,�. � � •�� , �� ., r 4 -„ ,,,,, ,,. . �� * "x� "�_ �� ',, �, � ��. f ,- � � � � . �" �. f' � � � � � � � � a�: �. �.� ;, i �, � , ,, � �'; ' � �� '"� ,�� ,� � , -g ' . . � '� '` � � ..� ;. ,.�� - � �. .� =, � � ��-� �, �� , � � � �: ��• �;, �� Figure 33: 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue, c. 1922, Facing East. Courtesy of the Florida Photographic Archives. Janus Research 61 ' ,� City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 8PI08493 29 N. Fort Harrison Avenue ' This two-story masonry building appears to be the original Clearwater Fire Department. A brick veneer has been placed over the original three-bay brick fa�ade on the first story, , covering the windows in the outer bays. The original arched central bay has been altered. A shed roof is found above the first story. Canvas awnings have been added to the windows on the second story. Decorative brick detailing is found on the west fa�ade at the parapet, which ' is stepped back along the north and south sides. The historic physical integrity of this resource has been compromised. However, the alterations to the exterior of this building, particularly the application of the modern veneer, appear to be reversible. With the proper ' rehabilitation, this resource could be considered a contributing resource to a historic district within the Downtown Core. , ' C'� ' ' 1 ' , ' 1 ' ' ' Janus Research 62 ' � ' ' ' ' ' ' ' �J ' ' , City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 RECOMMENDATIONS Historic preservation is the process of protecting and maintaining buildings, structures, objects, districts, sites, and archaeological resources. The historic resources reconnaissance survey is an important phase in the identification of the City of Clearwater's historic resources. • The City of Clearwater can utilize the information in this report to consider designating the identified locally and NRHP-eligible individual resources. The City may choose to notify property owners that they own an individual building that is potentially eligible for designation, either in the NRHP or local register. It is important to note that listing in the NRHP does not automatically preserve a building, and does not keep a property from being modified or even destroyed. Unless an undertaking is state or federally funded, or regulated by local ordinance, private property owners may deal with their properties in any way they see fit. If a property is listed in the NRHP, the property owners are not required to open their property to the public. In addition, federal and state governments will not attach restrictive covenants to a property or seek to acquire it because it is listed in the NRHP. • A local historic preservation ordinance is typically the most effective form of protecting a community's historic resources. The ordinance should include provisions for the protection, enhancement, and perpetuation of significant resources within the City of Clearwater through established procedures for the historic designation and subsequent review of certain types of changes that are proposed for these resources. The current ordinance should be reviewed by the city staff and Clearwater City Council and updated to reflect requirements of the Florida Certified Local Government program and the standards for designation established by the NRHP, which advise that a historic structure must be at least 50 years old. For detailed recommendations regarding the city's historic preservation ordinance, please see Appendix B. Upon input from the city government and local property owners, the updated ordinance should be finalized and adopted by the Clearwater City Council. ' • A preliminary assessment of the resources in the Downtown Core shows that, at this time, there is no potential NRHP or local historic district present. However, with the appropnate rehabilitation and/or restoration, many of the histonc, but altered, ' buildings in the Downtown Core may gain contributing status within a historic district. ' The Clearwater powntown Redevelopment Plan, which recently has been developed, provides a flexible framework for the redevelopment of downtown Clearwater. The goals of this plan include making the downtown a place that attracts people for living, ' employment, and recreation; creating an environment where both people and automobiles can circulate effectively; and creating the downtown as a memorable place to be enjoyed by both residents and visitors. This plan includes guidelines for ' ' Janus Research 63 ' , Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 the development of six downtown character districts, including the Downtown Core ' District. The guidelines address the existing character of the district; the district vision, including uses, prohibited uses, function, and development patterns; and the district policies that govern downtown development. ' L � ' , ' , ' , ' ' ' , l_ J ' Compatible design guidelines for the Downtown Core, which recently have been developed, identify and protect the character-defining elements of the downtown's historic resources in order to preserve the resources' historic physical integrity and the area's overall character. These guidelines encourage the retention and/or restoration of historic architectural elements, and they include the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the rehabilitation and maintenance of historic resources. Design guidelines for new construction adjacent to historic resources ensure compatibility with the historic character. The Clearwater powntown Redevelopment Plan includes a chapter outlining long-term implementation strategies. • The City of Clearwater has a fa�ade grant program. However, it could be revised so that it encourages historic preservation projects and is similar to other fa�ade grant programs implemented throughout the nation. Grants could be provided to property owners of historic buildings in the Downtown Core in need of exterior rehabilitation. Design guidelines will ensure that facade rehabilitation that is consistent with the Secretary of Interior's Standards. • The City of Clearwater should become a CLG. A CLG designation provides a local entity with support and guidance for its historic preservation efforts. As a CLG, Clearwater would be able to apply for certain federal historic preservation grants and money, to review NRHP nominations, and to receive technical assistance in historic preservation procedures. • Special zoning districts or overlay districts for historic districts should be created. Historic buildings and neighborhoods were often built in a manner that would not be permitted under modern zoning guidelines. These zoning districts would allow variances for renovations or infill development, such as reduced setbacks, smaller lot sizes, and mixed uses, that are not normally permitted under current zoning regulations. The Clearwater Community Development Code allows for the establishment of zoning districts, including historic overlay districts and neighborhood conservation overlay districts, of a size, type, location and with standards that reflect the existing and desirable characteristics of a particular area within the city. Each district includes permitted uses and use limitations corresponding to the purpose and character of the district. Requirements such as density, area, width, depth, height, setback, and coverage are enumerated for each district. • Community awareness and understanding of Clearwater's historic resources needs to be enhanced. Many property owners and potential property buyers still do not fully ' Janus Research 64 ' l__.J Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 realize the value of historic buildings and the benefits of preserving these resources. ' Therefore, an expanded public relations program should be implemented. ' , ' ' ' ' ' u CI ' 1 ' ' ' ' , Janus Research 65 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' , City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 REFERENCES Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 1998 The Clearwater Historic Preservation Survey and Planning Project: Clearwater Central Business District and the Old Clearwater Bay Neighborhood. ACI, Sarasota, Florida. Arsenault, Raymond 1988 St. Petersburg, A Centennial History. Privately published, St. Petersburg, Florida. 1988 St. Petersburg and the Florida Dream 1888-1950. The Donning Company, Norfolk, Virginia. Brown, Canter, Jr. 1991 Florida's Peace River Frontier. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando, Florida. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez 1542 La Relacion que dio Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca de lo Acaescido en las Indias...Zamora, 1542. Reproduced in Coleccion de Libros y documentos referentes a la Historia de America. Madrid, 1906. Cadwell, Roy 1977 Clearwater Minnesota. `A Sparkling City. " T.S. Denison & Company, Inc., Minneapolis, City of Clearwater ' 2003a Clearwater Community Development Code. Clearwater, Florida. 2003b Clearwater powntown Redevelopment Plan. Clearwater, Florida. , ' ' ' � ' ' Clearwater Historical Society c.1990 "Historical Tour of Downtown Clearwater." Clearwater Public Library vertical file. Clearwater, Florida. Clearwater Sun 1988 "Sect Renovating City Landmark." February 15. Clearwater Public Library vertical file. Clearwater, Florida. 1990 `Booked Solid." January 12. Clearwater Public Library vertical file. Clearwater, Florida. Coleman, Lisa 2002 Images of America: Clearwater. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. Davis, T. Fredrick 1938 The Disston Land Purchase. The Florida Historical Quarterly 1'7(3):200-210. Dunn, Hampton 1973 Yesterday's Cleai^water. E.A. Seemann Publishing, Inc., Miami, Florida. , Janus Research 66 ' � Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 , Flag Service Organization 2003 The Fort Harrison. Church of Scientology, Clearwater, Florida. Found online at http://www.fso.org/en/[JS/flag/history/index.html. ' ' Gaby, Donald C. 1993 The Miami River and Its Tributaries Miami, Florida. The Historical Association of South Florida, Gannon, Michael V. ' 1965 The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida 1513-1870. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. ' Grismer, Karl 1950 Tampa: A History of the City of Tampa and the Tampa Bay Region of Florida. St. Petersburg Publishing Company, Inc. St. Petersburg, Florida. � � ' ' ' ' , ' ' ' � ' Harner, Charles E. 1973 Florida's Promoters: The Men Who Made It Big. Trend House, Tampa, Florida. Hetherington, Alma 1980 The River of the Long Water. The Mickler House Publishers, Chuluota, Florida. MacKay, Captain John and Lieutenant J. E. Blake 1839 Map of the Seat of War in Florida. Compiled by order of Brig. General Zachary Taylor. Captain John MacKay and Lt. J. E. Blake, U.S. Topographical Engineers. Photocopy on file, Janus Research, St. Petersburg, Florida. Mahon, John K. 1967 History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. Mann, R. W. 1983 Rails Neath the Palms. Darwin Publications, Burbank, California. Milanich, Jerald T. 1978a The Temporal Placement of Cushing's Key Marco Site, Florida. American Anthropologist 80:682. 1978b The Western Timucua: Patterns of Acculturation and Change. In Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, pp. 59-88. The University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 1978c Two Cades Pond Sites in North-Central Florida: The Occupational Nexus as a Model of Settlement. The Florida Anthropologist 31:151-173. Janus Research 67 ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Miller, James J. (compiler) ' 1990 State of Florida Draft Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan. Manuscript on file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee, Florida. ' ' Moore-Willson, Minnie 1935 History of Osceola County: Florida Frontier Life. Inland Press, Orlando, Florida. Parks, Arva Moore 1991 Miami: The Magic Ciry. Centennial Press, Miami. ' Pinellas County Planning Deparhnent 1995 Pinellas County Historical Background. Manuscript on file, Pinellas County Planning Department, Florida. u � Sanders, Michael 1983 Clearwater, A Pictorial History: Dunedin, Ozona, Palm Harbor, Oldsmar, Safety Harbor, Largo. Donning Company, Norfolk, Virginia. Sarles, Frank B., Jr. ' 1960 Historic Sites Report on Fort DeSoto Park, Pinellas County, Florida. National Park Service. ' ' ' ' ' ' C� ' , Sessa, Frank Bowman 1950 Real Estate Expansion and Boom in Miami and its Environs during the 1920s. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. Solis de Meras, Gonzalo 1964 Pedro Menendez de Aviles, Adelantado, Governor and Captain-General of Florida. Translated by Jeannette Thurber Conner (1932), reprint 1964. Sprague, John T. 1964 The Origin, Progress and Conclusion of the Florida War, 1848. Edited by John D. Mahon. Floridiana Facsimile and Reprint Series. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. The Sun 1939 "Chronological List of Outstanding Events in Clearwater, 1914-1939." May 1. Heritage Village Archives. Tebeau, Charlton W. 1971 A History of Florida. University of Miami Press, Miami, Florida. ' Janus Research 68 1 ' ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 United States Bureau of the Census 1900 Florida State Census of 1900. Washington, D.C. 1910 Florida State Census of 1910. Washington, D.C. 1920 Florida State Census of 1920. Washington, D.C. 1930 Florida State Census of 1930. Washington, D.C. Velasco, Juan de ' 1571 Geografia de Las Indias 1571. Reproduced in Volume II, Appendix Five of The Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States, by Woodbury Lowry. Russell and Russell, New York, 1959. ' ' ' L_ ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Weaver, Paul L. III, Historic Property Associates, Inc., and Pappas Associates, Inc. 1996 Model Guidelines for Design Review: A Guide for Developing Standards for Historic Rehabilitation on Florida Communities. Florida Department of State, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida. Woman's Club 1917 "A History of Clearwater, Florida." Manuscript on file, Clearwater Public Library vertical file, Clearwater, Florida. Wright, Leitch J. 1986 Creeks and Seminoles, Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulgee People. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Florida. , Janus Research 69 ' ' ' �J ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' � , ' �l � ' ' Janus Research City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 APPENDIX A LJ ' ' � � ' ' ' , ' LJ ' ' ' u�� LJ CI'' Ciry of Cleanvater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Janus Research has been at the forefront of the cultural resource management profession in Florida since 1979. We are the largest cultural resource management (CRM) firm headquartered in Florida. Janus Research has successfully completed nearly 2,000 cultural resource assessment projects throughout the State of Florida. Many of these projects are similar in scope and type to the one being conducted in Clearwater. We are recognized as a leader in the fields of Historic Preservation and Cultural Resource Management as evidenced by awards we have received. The Florida Trust for Historic Preservation, the American Cultural Resource Association, the Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, Dade Heritage Trust, Tampa Preservation, Inc. and the Hillsborough County Planning Commission have all recognized Janus Research's outstanding work with cultural resources. Janus Research employs a full-time staff of 34 historic preservation professionals and support staff. The size of our staff and multiple office locations allows us to devote adequate resources to accomplish the requirements of the scope. Our strong local presence enables us to meet the stringent demands of the historic preservation services anticipated under this contract. Our professional staff possesses a thorough and specific understanding of the unique architectural styles, building types, and materials found in the area and a broad-based knowledge of historic preservation issues important to the City of Clearwater. We also have an excellent record of producing quality, timely, and cost-effective historic preservation work. All of this makes us qualified to conduct this project. We are committed to providing you with high quality service designed to meet your needs. Janus Research has a team with extensive expertise in historic resource surveys, preservation planning, design guidelines and all aspects of historic preservation. All personnel also have extensive experience in Pinellas County and have conducted large-scale historic resource surveys. Additionally, the research interests of these individuals are complimentary and combine to form a committed and competent team. Our staff has a demonstrated history of completing projects with a range of complexity, and involving the formulation and implementation of all types of cultural resource studies. Our core staff consists of full-time, permanent, professional historic preservation planners, architectural historians, and archaeologists who possess advanced degrees in Anthropology, Architectural History or Historic Preservation and meet or exceed applicable state or federal standards established by the Secretary of the Interior for Architectural History and History. Our key personnel are experienced in conducting projects from the initial planning stages through presentation of the final report. Each is also familiar with local, state, and federal guidelines and laws pertinent to the investigation and reporting of cultural resources. The team's field and lab technicians have both academic and on-the job training, including undergraduate degees and several years of experience. Support staff includes both graphics and editorial personnel, and a GIS specialist. The graphics staff specializes in preparing publication-quality technical drawings and artwork, and the editorial staff ensures that our reports are clearly written and meet regulatory guidelines. Janus Research City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 Ms. Streelman and Ms. Uguccioni, key personnel on this project, possess extensive experience conducting historic resource surveys and preparing local nominations for resources throughout the state, and they meet or exceed the professional qualifications established by the Secretary of the Interior as well as the recently revised Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. Janus Research has been engaged by the following municipalities to conduct cultural resources work: St. Petersburg Clearwater Treasure Island Pinellas County Tampa Hillsborough County Miami Miami-Dade County Ft. Lauderdale Bonita Springs Coral Gables St. Lucie County Sarasota County West Palm Beach Riviera Beach Pasco County Gulfport Kissimmee Lake Park Jupiter Ft. Myers Delray Beach Janus Research ' ' , ' � , ' ' , ' LI ' � , ' � ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Amy Groover Streelman, M.H.P. Preservation Planner! Senior Architectural Historian ' Janus Research ��T.�,.I��TS�� R.ESEARCH Tr�'v1P11 BAY • C`C}RAL Cr1�BL�� CULTURAL RE54URCE MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE Ms. 5treelman is recognized for her experkise in Sectinn 1Q6 and NEPA. She is responsible for all aspects of Preservation Planning including historic structures suroeys, documentary research, strategies for preservation, local site nominations, historie preservatian ordinance interpretation, fhe preparation of National Ftegister of Historic Places (NRHP} naminations, and NRHP Determination of Eiigibility (DOE) packages. She possesses a thorough understanding of historic structures reports, preservation plans, histarical documentation of bridges, and assessment of local significance under historic preservation ordinances. She is familiar with a variety of research tools including historic Sanborn Fire Insurance maps, deed records, and informant interviews. Her recent work includes supervising historic resaurces sunreys for several large-scafe PDSE projects involving significant concentratians nf historic resources and districts. Her responsibilities alsn include the production of cultural resource assessment sunreys, case studies related to project effects on signiflicant historic properties, and Memoranda of Agreement. • Extensive experience identifying and assessing a wide range of historic rssources, from ornate Mediterranean Revivai homes to simple F�ame Vernacular and Craftsman buildings, historic drainage canals, roadways, and raikoad carridors located throughout the South Florida region. • Experience wi#h identifying historic resources in low-income urban minarity communities in Miami-Dade Caunty inctuding Overtown, Little Flaiti, and Model Gity; Hofden-Parramore and Eatonville in Orange County; Ybor City and West Tampa in 7ampa; and the Bahamian community of Riviera 8each, Palm Beach Gounty • Participated in numerous Cultural Resources committees for the Tampa Interstate Study, Tampa Rail Study, I-4 Orlando, Rivisra Beach CRA, and High Speed Rail projects • Successfully completed numerous NRHP Nominatian and D�Es, including residsntial and cnmmercial buildings and districts, and industrial complexes. • Managed several large-scale cultural resource assessment surveys invofving the identificatian and documentation of hundreds of historic resources in South Florida, Orlando, and Tampa. • Develnped Memaranda of Agreement (MOAs} fnr transportation and transit projects. + Develaped mitigation measuras and negotiated SHP� approval. + Experienced with testimony in front of various regulatory bodies, inciuding Historic Presenration Boards, County Cammissia�s, Architectural Review Cammittees, and City Cnmmissions, ' IJ ' � � , ' ' ' CI , ' ' , u 1 ' ' Ellen J. Uguccioni, M.A. Preservation Pla.nner ' Janus Research Ciry of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 �,�1 l� 11 ��-�� : �,. `; [RESEA RCH� TAMPA BAY • CORAL CABLE� CULTURAL RESOURCE MA�tAGEMENT EXPERIENCE Ms. Uguccioni has an extensive background in Historic Preservation Planning and has served as director or advisor for several local preservation depattments in South Florida. In addition to her position at Janus Research, she currently serves as an adjunct professor for the Schaol of Architecture at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. Ms. Ugucciani is a� Architectural Historian member of the Florida Historical Cammission {a position appointed by the Florida Secretary of State) and serves on several preservation-related boards, including #he National Register Review Board, for which she currently holds the office of Vice-Chairman. Additionally, she has caauthored several books and other publications on the subject of historic preservation and is a frequent speaker for public forums and panels. • Florida National Register Review Board Architectural Historian membe� (1986-1990, 1991-1995, and 1997-1999), {Florida Secretary of State appointment) • Architectu�al Historian member, Fiarida Historicel Commission, January 2002-September 2006 (Florida Secretary of State appointmen#) • Vice-Chairman, Nationa! Register Review Board 2003-2404 • Trustee, The Florida Trust for Historic 2001-2004 • Executive Committee, Florida Trust for Historic Preservation, 2003-04 . Trus#ee, The Histarical Museum of Southern Florida, 2003-2007 • Caauthored several baoks and other publicatians on the subject of historic preservation Special projects include: • National Historic Landmark Nomination, "The Freedom Tower" (The Miami News Building), Commissioned by the Florida State Historic Preservation Officer, Apri12003 . National Hisforic Landmark Nomination, "`The Brickell Point Site (Miami Circle)," Commissioned by the Flarida State Historic Preservation Officer, April, 2003 , � � ' ' , ' ' , ' ' , LI 1 ' � , LJ , City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Elaine Rogers Lund, M.A.U.R.P. ��N��`}Y� Architectural Histarian/ RESEARCH GIS Specialist TAMPA BAY • C"ORAL CsABLES CULTURAL RESOURCE MANQGEMENT EXPERIENCE Janus Research Ms. �und specializes in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as it applies to Cultural Resource Management. As an Architectural Historian, she is responsible for historic resources research and documentation for individual sites and multiple resource surveys, local site nominations, and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) individual and district nominations. Her responsibilities also include the writing of historic resources survey reports, photographic documentation, and assessment of local and national significance under historic preservation ordinances and the NRHP criteria. As a GIS Specialist, she is also responsible for map project customization and data acquisitian, creation, editing, manipulation, and analysis. She is familiar with a variety of research methods, in particular GIS technology that allows the locations of cultural and historic resources to be ove�laid and viewed with other information, including �oadways, municipal boundaries, USGS quadrangle maps, and aerial and satellite imagery. Ms. Lund is currently working toward bringing Janus Research into compliance with Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) standards. • Experience identifying, researching, documenting, and evaluating a wide range af historic resources, including ornate high-style commercial buildings of downtown Miami, simple Frame Vernacular and Craftsman buildings found in central Pasco County, and historic drainage canals and public housing complexes located throughout the region. • Creation of custom large- and small-scale field maps showing the necessary overlaid locational and historical information for field work in various projects, as well as the creation of report maps. • Automation of mapping for large-scale projects to efficiently produce large-scele sketch maps of individual resources. • Customization of ArcView S..�TM map projects with Visual Basic for Applications and of GIS datasets containing information collected during �eld work, allowing for detailed analysis for individual clients' needs. ' ' ' � ' ' ' ' � _J ' ' ' ' �l ' , ' ' ' Janus Research City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core Mav 2005 APPENDIX B , ' ' � ' � C', ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibiliry Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS TO THE CLEARWATER PROVISIONS FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION CONTAINED WITHIN THE CLEARWATER DEVELOPMENT CODE, ARTICLE 3, DIVISION 1 D AND ARTICLE 4, DIVISION 6 Historic Preservation is a sophisticated and useful planning tool for communities throughout the state. Major cities as well as smaller communities have enacted historic preservation programs that have complemented their long and short term goals for a dynamic, economically healthy community. Because historic preservation programs have been in place for many years, there is a substantial body of information that exists to assist communities in their initial efforts to enact historic preservation regulations. The effective use of historic preservation in a community requires a citizen "buy-in." In order to garner support, regulations must be sufficiently detailed so as to inspire confidence in the process. From a legal standpoint, the regulations must contain language that makes clear the intent, process and remedies so that the regulations cannot be deemed to constitute "arbitrary and capricious" decision making. The comments that follow are derived from knowledge of existing municipal and county ' historic preservation ordinances, as well as the requirements for an effective process set by Federal and State governments through the Certified Local Government program. ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' 1 Overall Section 4-607 addresses Historic Designation in a most perfunctory fashion. The lack of detail makes the process and standards unclear. The procedures and requirements for the designation of individual resources versus historic districts are vastly different. In order to make defensible judgments, the regulations require substantially more detail. Staff and Board Composition As stated, the staff assigned to this task is the Community Development Coordinator, and the reviewing body is the Community Development Board. There is an interim requirement for review by the Development Review Committee (DRC). Historic Preservation staff, as well as boards that review historic preservation matters, are expected to the have specific knowledge of the discipline. In general, that expertise includes a combination of architectural history, urban design, local history, landscape materials, site planning and land use regulations. Without that expertise, the decisions regarding designations and certificates of appropriateness cannot be made without challenge. In most communities, the Historic Preservation Board is separated from any other advisory boards. Their composition requires special expertise and/or a demonstrated interest in the field of historic preservation. Designation Process The regulations need to include the definitions for the concepts contained within the text. For example, in Section 4-607B (4), the application requires that the "contributing" and "non- contributing" properties in a district be identified. Only later in the text (para. F(2,) is Janus Research , ' l_J ' ' City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 "contributing" defined. The placement of this definition here is confusing, as it is not connected to the specifics of creating historic districts. A section is needed that addresses, at a minimum, the creation of defensible boundaries and an explanation of other elements, such as streetscape and/or landscape improvements that may be desirable to include within the district boundary. The language used in subparagraph (b) regarding the benchmark of 1940, as the cut-off for eligibility, is not at all clear. Lacking appropriate context, this provision may not be desirable. ' Section 4-107B (3), requires that economic development trends relating to the designated property be included in the designation report. In our opinion, the intent of the sentence is not clear, nor is it a routine requirement for a designation report. ' , 1 , 1 ' ' C ' ' LI' ' ' Standards for Desi�ation Using existing federal and local legislation as models, this section of the development regulations does not include the range, depth and detailed explanation of the reasons why a property may be eligible for historic designation. Use of A Hierarchical System of Value The assignment of classifications as reported in subparagraph F(3) is highly discouraged. Possessing more than one of the criteria for significance is not a true standard to measure the importance of a property. Many of the properties that are listed in the National Register or are considered National Historic Landmarks (the highest honor the nation can bestow) are listed for their meeting only one of the criteria. Article 3. Division 10. This section could be entitled "Certificates of Appropriateness, Standards for Review and Issuance." Again, the explanation of the process is not sufficient to cover the variety of requests that may affect an historic property. The delegation of this process to the Community Development Board is again questioned for the same reasons recounted earlier in this document. In particular, design review should be measured against some standard, as design decisions can be highly subjective. The Clearwater regulations for not include standards for what may constitute an appropriate alteration. The standard that has proven most useful, and that has in our experience, allowed the greatest flexibility for local governments, is "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. " The section titles do not accurately reflect their content. Section 3-1002, entitled "Alterations, Demolitions, Waiting Periods," does not address alterations, yet requires a delay of six months for projects that "materially alter" an historic property. "Materially alter" is never defined elsewhere in the regulations, and the waiting period is not consistent with the desire to process applications for alterations in a timely fashion. The ambiguity of this section is not conducive to inspiring public confidence, or to achieving public support. Janus Research , = 7 City of Clearwater Planning and Eligibility Study Historic Resource Reconnaissance Survey of the Downtown Core May 2005 Conclusions ' In order to administer a local historic preservation program, there is a need for special expertise, detail and procedural provisions that allow due process and are legally defensible. To achieve that goal, Janus Research recommends a substantive revision of the City of ' Clearwater's regulations. , t ' ' ' ' l� ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Janus Research