4188-86?. y,,,. +•a.r`,4x•H: ? =?'.'e" "``": ?'?,.gwss: wner:?y. ?(i{?*?!-?: M,.,.
=.r. :i. >""x+'amfa':^ri?wKq?a c, s?R_ra?.-,"..: •, ,: -:.• t ,fy%;`. .,}?.. ??5 J
.ae,b:.xn.;??,'•"?+7.a.;"''?'. "c." dT'•, ,. r?' z» ?? _ ..,?"• .av'.r,; ,
ti..?:T j.'! ??.• ? }:' ??s •. -',i. '?/'t i? 3i:5•; ,y f.:,,: `x?: +:?• ??a: .?.':#?;'•wi:e,fi ? ?'
Sri" r):>.R' ,f' - ''?rt'. "? a. 4??.'=«::?.?? "?•'+' .rr•?"Mt+t .?, :ti S.• ..,?` ?..?
:'?i, :•?'s••::•a („`.???r:'•r: ?:;?.-:?1 ?'?. ':i•? .a, ,,y ? ?. ?? -::, 4.? ?y;? •'q.'h,.?•>_?. ? ?}a..a•??.. ? r?..,::,?•I?. f?.z•!..?. g. t.i7. '•??£y?°,v?i?•i .
.?, j?,Y i q ;?xr,3 y, ? ? „%' ? ? ,:'? 1 s?$?t?,.?'"?;7. [ _? s; ., . r. • `:? tt:. s•>?°??":'.,iY:: !a ?• l'. ;??
}}?I,? '=m'i;a4,.?? ?'+°sRi. rd; 'u'Aq i•?'?'1' •?'. ?'t. t* 5(. t:.,? :. ?ai,`.."' :t'? . o ir'::. °'? 7.4? ;?L?.? .
};,s;:i`;r7}sYq IFS"§ _ ?./,#.`. ! " ? f}.N .55. - • .' A?t• ?+x.de`rY:'., l?'1S(r ,? ?1 .l?'??jy.
3,?i SCI(FA.•?,i:2 %n`d ,?. `"3« ?: f.e(}? ?`. JJ?•?.51,. ,I„`.. ila '??z:l':i?c.?=.•-?..'••''?M1•'v`•'::.?eS •`j'••- 6 #r .? 7 •fe4
?? t ? ''+?,., •}^?• t%' :_ti;^ ir. ?}. ?':>.a.P•-` :,:`,?ti?,aE 3r'a, ?i. wr..? ? •-. t,, x.t, .,.Y;?.°,';k,?,?:1',f :.
it •K `?,. '.7 . ? ??,,• •1?sm,.? ??,..aa, v f,?.?? V ?.r.. .h r ;.ry :, ..' .: rt'-,.i?? t} t" ?!" b, :• n'
ill ?..u_; i?',. ..',C.`, ': • . -r-. ? ? 7?'' L '?' ( ??.... •.1# ?.'P(I.1 , f.•
'? ? ,:-:e'' ¦. d . 3: ?' F}.4: = tf r:?-; j k• '? ,?,a. t: sir. .+? r. ???. .s': ?' ?.?:i?'??€}.??..••. ??'.. s'?'n;d>4
• c a
07,
S >ti
?r
ORDINANCE NO. 41 BB--S£6
w AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF CLEARWATER, FLORIDA,
.,q RELATING TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT POWERS; CREATING
SECTIONS 92.01 THROUGH 92.15 CODE OF ORDINANCES TO
Je6, l` PROVIDE FOR THE EXERCISE OF THE EMERGENCY POWERS OF
THE CITY DURING A STATE OF EMERGENCY; REPEALING
r SECTIONS 92.20 THROUGH 92.34 AND SECTIONS 92.40 THROUGH
92.44, CODE OF ORDINANCES, RELATING TO CIVIL DEFENSE
AND PUBLIC EMERGENCIES; PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
-;:
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF
CLEARWATER, FLORIDA:,
Section 1. Sections 92.01 through 92.15, Code of Ordinances, are created to
f.t a
read:
W,
?F
•7
.y
r
L3
rr
i
T
•
CHAPTER 92. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ,
See. 92.01. Intent.
(a) It Is the Intent of this chapter to provide the necessary organization,
powers, and authority to enable the timely and effective use of all available City
resources to prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies, natural and man-
made, likely to affect the security, safety or health of the City of Clearwater and its
residents, whether such events occur within or without the corporate limits of the
City.
(b) Nothing herein shall be intended to relieve City departments of their
normally assigned duties, responsibilities and functions.
(c) Nothing herein shall be construed as a delegation of authority to abridge or
diminish the legislative or administrative powers of the City Commission.
Sec. 92.02. Definitions, As used in this chapter:
(a) "Emergency" shall mean a condition which threatens or adversely affects
the public health, safety or security and which is or threatens to be beyond the control
of those public and private agencies normally responsible for the management of such
a condition, resulting from an act or threatened act of war, riot, terrorism, mob or
other act of violence; from a weather event such as flood, hurricane or tornado; from
a disruption In the City's utility system; or from any other cause.
(b) "Normal average retail price" shall mean the price at retail for
merchandise, goods, or services at which similar merchandise, goods, or services were
being sold during the ninety days immediately, preceding a declaration of public
emergency.
Sec. 92.03. Applicability of Provisions.
All officers, employees, contractors, vendors, boards, commissions, authorities,
and other agencies of the City are subject to the provisions of this chapter.
-1-
Ord
r. ;{ -' . .
gyn.
3=
'1 f.K!*? yy, ...a•.. ..x'e3 r+:?.,: ?.,• . ,?. w .,p.p ...•. ;?,'1RV+4 a ?a.tl.• .,s r. ., ;o,'sv.7°*a:i :Y!=°a?'": ?:
.5 '{'W?'?'r .. ',i•?,i".:5a., .{w.r"'?,u. ?'S t`t?: t4'i. ?:, t"... ;e?.'- J `:S:..W'?,4': 1xG41Le >5?+2<. ba",?;p.Y i`i!j'a; .Y `,t"?., rk^'C.. A! '".4 .?° ';f. `• .'r` .f.
?.:' ? j1? ?' ~ ? .. ? ,.. .,a. ? .="t:.i-y?y .• y''s; , : V 1'ia.. a.r. Rt, ?{?P,?
ee Sa` v'1 .:i •p.! ?i. ,i' "?i'.,:',y .,t yyKj'1 .'.ilk• fi<r:nN;' L,. f`?(,,, 1
x>?; !' ? ':t'? <.; ,,''t .. 'srt°^: :. •;t.:2.. s of .??
A. - .1„ ....y`
i, r,},>n•- 'Yf 3 a; ''.tr''.. .;*e: -'S.?''v..i1? .=S•''?°, Fr.' ? >a. ? ?.. t
')w d. )?-°3,. a. ,s:ii :?. .f: •t-` ? .z°•??" sl,s. .}t.. ?i' ?•d? ??i •? a??w .?. 3,
:st' :i? i{r :`::v:^: ?k.':? r•":.. '.' ?•i? °?,'1 4?? .. t s , 3 ik' #:'i :W:?',T%'? ?5 .?,.
,i7. -". e??? .?'' ?n , t:'. -.?; ''%,?f+.v . '? .'!: . 1' ?..?Y•,. ii'i'#.. r';t•?">' '[" >r?( •;?..• t . , t •. S .{?C' s
5?'? 's'° ,?.'.°s .#: ?1":i i. fir'. .,7: •f .tt;;,1,?,5,. ??tir. ;i°l":?Y'r. i••e.. ,:L°.s.9'?;'', •t'-?'`.??, ?A. ? `a'.?'?fit''a' 1_ Si3?;? 4' r .?,?i?l'%S'?'?°r 'f ,?. ??;?R•'YS r
, k : ?A?y,.?,,?*?'{t 3-?: .Ytio 1':,i. ?K<.F..1:OZ., f' r,?'? ?.??%,•_ ? . T.a:,a •.•{ y .nf?, w.r°; ??S:;??,,<t r:?'C?r'??. -t.. y ?}'t "?z,g ? yG ?? .ti?? ; z;??"i, Y ? -a,,?; r3 ?`
.'?. '?tl?' Kii'?'?,„.C:. ,;Y:t x1. t" -1 'r? v:?'r a?r.' .'n.;•;.:?,:i :":: :g: iw", ."•?'?: Y?>,}i' :.Mx?;ni ?`L. 7. !. +? :t? •,t?-''?f?'F? "? zy: _ !rl .7'1i,,'?; •:..d X?"
Sk.,._ .i,=ff-t,?z???;._., .._ ..?_.,.°.:?,::a.e.®.:,:.... .r...a?-v_,:.,..9..... ...... ?.._..,.,..?..._...y.i?:sx:.n:...,.?o,..,,?'S.?„x.r.?;:?f?FS...l...:$,.?'i;°?itr??.i?^???.._?b;..::..?u•'?..,?t;r?.?,?r.:._..?c.?;?i?...?:?? t 0.'77,
, 1; ?' 4. 1 ?
0.v.
Sec. 92.04. Emergency management structure.
(a) ThQ`City Manager shall perform the function of Director of Emergency
Management, and shall implement, manage, and report on all actions authorl?;ed and
taken under the provisipns of this chapter.
(b) The City Manager shall appoint a Coordinator of Emergency Services
whose duties shall Include the on-going planning for and coordination of those actions
necessary to the creation and maintenance of an effective emergency response
capability to prepare for and manage emergency conditions.
(c) There shall be an Emergency Management Coordinating Committee
composed of the department directors or their designated representative which shall
be chaired by the Coordinator of Emergency Services or his or her designated
representative.
See. 92.05. Powers, duties, and responsibilities.
(a) The City Manager, when acting as the Director of Emergency Management,
shall have the following powers, duties and responsibilities:
(1) To declare a state of emergency or to recommend the declaration of
a state of emergency by the City Commission, and to Inform the City Commission of
the reasons for and status of events requiring the declaration;
(2) To direct the creation,, revision, and exercise of emergency response
plans conforming to state and county emergency plans for the mitigation of,
preparation for, response to, and recovery from emergencies;
(3) To direct the efforts of the Emergency Management Coordinating
Committee in the preparation for, response to, and recovery from emergency
conditions;
(4) To recommend a budget for the creation and maintenance of an
emergency response capability as provided herein;
(5) To promulgate emergency regulations necessary to the protection of
life and property, establishment of public order, and control of adverse conditions
affecting public welfare resulting from an emergency.
(b) The Coordinator of Emergency Services shall have the following
responsibilities and duties:
(1) To supervise the development and maintenance of City emergency
plans, Including annual updates;
(2) To chair the Emergency Management Coordinating Committee;
-2-
Z-1
??ra,..Y / w., s..-.; ., }?. r.•.. ,??:. y?? }e kt .,a,..{ z t?e!•.,+?:s K•? w?. x..-sa ..rx. ?eM .?•.sh
?. ?'('y C?n h•?''' ??;?,?.?'•?"? 4?_?1.??f 4 ?,E '?1:x:Y., ?{?'. .h?,w ) 1. L..
1 :•:L .. .... r ,' 4?? .r. ? .,. .. t., r . ... 'tf '...5... tx?'.. ,P.?v';'a:!. a'Et?.r3,.f .u.,?.
S • ? 4?'•k1 4 FE
fi
(3) To plan for and develop an Emergency Operations Control Center to
include equipment, manning, and operational procedures necessary to the management
and control of emergency conditions;
f, (4) To develop and manage the City's emergency awareness public
information program.
(c) The Emergency Management Coordinating Committee shall have the
following responsibilities and duties:
(1) To function as the emergency management agency during a declared
emergency;
(2) To assist In the creation, revision, and exercise of emergency plans;
(3) To advise the Director of Emergency Management of requirements
for resources necessary to the creation, maintenance, and exercise of a capable,
efficient emergency response capability.
Sec, 92.06. Declaration of a state of emergency.
(a) The Mayor, Vice-Mayor, City Manager, and Assistant City Manager, in the
order named, shall have the authority to declare a state of emergency by
` proclamation. Upon the absence or unavailability of the Mayor, the Vice-Mayor may
issue such a declaration, and upon the absence or unavailability of the Mayor and the
Vice-Mayor, the City Manager or, upon the absence or unavailability of the City
a
Manager, an Assistant City Manager, may issue such a declaration.
(b) Any declaration of a state of emergency and all emergency regulations
activated under the provisions of this chapter shall be confirmed by the City
Commission by resolution within five working days of such declaration or at the next
regularly scheduled meeting of the City Commission, whichever occurs first, unless
the nature of the emergency renders a meeting of the City Commission extremely
impractical. Confirmation of the emergency declaration shall disclose the reasons for,
anticipated impacts of, actions proposed and taken to manage the emergency, and
I
other pertinent data relating to the emergency requiring the declaration,
(c) Emergency resolutions authorized by this chapter shall Include but are not
limited to the following subjects:
Resolution Sub ect
A Evacuation
H Curfews; declaration of areas off limits
P '
' 3-
C Suspension or regulation of sale of alcoholic
beverages, firearms, explosives or combustibles
D Prohibiting the sale of merchandise, goods or
services at more than the normal average retail
price
E Water use restrictions
F Suspension of local building regulations
a Rationing of fuel, tee and other essentials
H Emergency procurement procedures
(d) A declaration of a state of emergency shall activate the emergency plans
applicable to the City.
(e) A state of emergency, when declared as provided herein, shall continue in
effect from day to day until declared to be terminated.
(f) Upon the declaration of a state of emergency, the City Manager shall post
a written notice of such declaration upon the main bulletin board In the city hall, and
shall notify by telephone not less than two (2) newspapers of general circulation within
the City, at least three (3) television stations and at least three (3) radio stations
broadcasting in Pinellas or Hillsborough Counties. When practicable, the City Manager
shall also cause the written notice to be published, in Its entirety, at least four (4) days,
each week in a newspaper of general circulation in the City until the state of
emergency is declared to be terminated.
Sec. 92.07. Termination of a state of emergency.
A state of emergency shall be terminated upon the certification of the officer or
agency requesting the declaration of the state of emergency that the conditions
leading to or causing the emergency conditions no longer exist and that the City's
agencies and departments are able to manage the situation without extraordinary
assistance. Notice of such termination shall be made to the public by the City
Manager by the same means as the notice of the declaration of the state of
emergency.
Sec. 92.08 - 92.09. Reserved.
See. 92.10. Weather emergencies.
(a) A public emergency may be declared because of weather conditions when
the National Weather Service or a state, county or local emergency management
agency informs the City or the public that emergency conditions resulting from
meteorological conditions are present or are imminent. Meteorological conditions
-4-
.. • ? _. ?r?i•??'ti ?. .'. fir. ? . ? •i? ,.
- - --------- --
yr?"?" 5?-'? i,?`?(.k. ° •`r.e- w^1w:. Kl•S:? _ . •, rx,:r,,.r' s'r: ? i.• l; .`: "r,?;ywe?"? ;'s: .`F'"'' `,{S?•h., •'?•4i!°°Yr; E7F. ':.+?'?"+`.">; r^f?r.`yy?=
,g.,.: xg,?afi?. t 4,: ?;', rat-' , .,{~, 4rw.<. • „ °.,s..?r,. ,. .. ?; 5r.1' •,..; - .
s.ti4k??.i ?? ?.t4''us ?p?' `.4.; ;•?`. ?? ay: :r.. `?.. 2''".-.., ??- ??i` •`x1
?'tr???} f ?'?.'?P• 1.N??Y?°?` "s?t '`b}°`?,
i.c'y 4,?v! '', •t'"Fj q;?,. .•j?. ?'.- r•z. •'t•"•7i'..??'?.`.?::, ?t::.i e;, ,SSs'?^„" /t R: ' off? }a t 1; ;."'"l?. is
,?iMk •? ,? .? F=;i ': SE !. j?gr a, ? „'}',e',:: .'the, ?.,• ..;.: .?. :4.. '-"p+.??¢i. `r%..F? $i°t' .'?; $t.r '..?s?
.. •?,iv{? rte, ?;?+?•: {?.'LrF'? `rL,,•?'- -'?+k??„'?` ;?`.la 'xa•.r i' t'i;F., .Y?, 1t?.°,:' >,,??,.;? L. ??' .,?• : [a '?
??y `? .t. ..?. ,.F?7$1;t.+r?Fj2°.?r!'^I.- t.?:i?=^?i: "0?''2'• - '•t?'E"r-'`A•, ?,??"°'r.a.:',-:?.;:;• J'?r. ??gi";-ari'S° ,te,r it,1r. ,?,t ?.? 'y?%t •?4
r•f "r ''Jr.','!'t. ?. e'tq.i1'; ': o? ti'- ,t,X, ,F3•' '?,,• `?, .,I,?.. ?_ ..? .7',:f .Ny: ,-cu •,'r.. ??,? t',? Y;;-: -dt?'
ti r ??„` .3 .x`k:tY, 'S" i':£':ar.9 - .,? ( - r't•k3+,?''i<"- t,?•'S q' :?- d..?.r : _i ! i .: !? .
.g? ?{ e ;::&S?e= ?.X .?. •o?s'y,"-vri.?:':? ?:?? I;.?:?., ?1? C•t4.;:" ?:?C :.s'y a•+.'+t•s 5'°,,F? ?s,??, _?,:.t:;?i}???rsv.-?
? a? .?+, ,°T??'?:4d::.• .;e ra „. ?t`N ?vi.'t?;'?,',?': .'E^t •a-i{'?'{?_ ,t?ct'?etr •'.t'?:-'i!z+!=?'^'??'•a'`"•t?...t ?.`. °:, .F .,Y?1.- %1?.'i. ??,?°?_:. ,_:, j: .,>J. "3?,.',G ..r?.
!yv? ,? .. € f a > •: a .. - ,•"; ? .5,
+?$??". Fly :7r?i:t ;• ,r ? '!r." {' ,C, ,.•.: *?-4; ' ?2 . ?3 i?? €i:i `:: °'^ ?:? 't _ ?<'::: °«'
"? j . k1, - : ?°,••.??. w`1< "?t:,, ".£5 ` .'t• . X ?' ? .e : ,t, :i"' s ?.:: s'bT .?.? sa'=.? `'f-:E• , ?:..c, : R; ????,::g•a ?'
y.°..?SbI- c??u. ?=' i itr:: •'F:?..Fb'?' .Et. ?,4`" 'r? I. by wal• ??•[. ?'?'.e?:..ik •:?i ... ? {'?, ,'?::.: •1' L ?L?'%. f}_. ?' -?t °.?: s . 1.'? }! Jr .. ?'{? ? Y7
.r7, ?'? 5?,?,? <? .M .?,?: =sr r,, r"r--. :4 ;?,?t°}. c'y..4g..i?€>,€ f:y zs,?;?•'''.!r,`;':s `_o1t- ?.:- <. :t`fa ?? :er ix ?„?,•Y'•.. ?4.l. it,,E !;}fit`-Y?;? .yl?;iY„.ir..,...:"?"' ,g?"
°?,{'2C r=i'"?r77r?i'Y`? ?t?- 'F¢:.?;?• °`3 y,'r'3 -.d4 t? F S'v.,,,•ov{i ..9. ;ir°. .•.2:^- t? :t xa'Sr. ". ti$
r,%?
' `4Lt.i_.-?TIS'T..71-bsit_•._t?. -.'.?1.a??3?:.":.i?ui.- -. v.?:tiiL_i.:L.....Y.'.5.?..:1.-X't}••???i:.•?• ? •:a.:.Kt.CT°? - S+. Li7s.7r1'??.,.}`.L
:•
v - r
1
i
f
?t
covered by this section include but are not limited to hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, or
other severe weather conditions and the results therefrom.
(b) Declaration of a public emergency because of weather conditions shall
authorize the issuance of emergency resolutions A through H, as may be required.
See. 92.11. Police emergencies.
(a) A public emergency may be declared because of civil unrest when the
Chief of Police certifies to the City Manager that an emergency condition arising
from' hostile actions or threatened hostile actions of others, armed or unarmed,
requires extraordinary measures for control, including but not limited to curfew;
blockade; proscription of the sale of firearms and other weapons, alcoholic beverages,
explosives and combustibles; evacuation; and other like actions.
(b) Declaration of a public emergency because of civil unrest shall authorize
the issue of emergency resolutions A, B, C, D and H, as may be required.
Sec. 92.12. Utility emergencies.
(a) A public emergency may be declared because of utility conditions when the
Director of Utilities certifies to the City Manager that:
(1) A condition exists or is imminent that endangers the safety,
potability, quantity, availability, transmission, distribution, treatment, or storage of
water through or within the City's water utility system; or
(2) A condition exists or is imminent that endangers the safety, quality,
quantity, availability, transmission, distribution, or storage of gas through or within
the City's gas utility system; and
(3) Extraordinary actions to control and correct the situation are
required, including but not limited to emergency purchase; call-in of off-duty
personnel; assistance by other communities and agencies; and other like actions.
(b) Declaration of a public emergency because of utility conditions shall
authorize the issuance of emergency resolutions A, B, E and H, as may be required.
See. 92.13. Fire emergencies.
(a) A public emergency may be declared because of fire when the Fire Chief
certifies to the City Manager that an actual or potential condition arising from fire,
explosion, chemical spill, building or bridge collapse, or plane, train, or other vehicle
accident requires extraordinary measures for control, Including but not limited to
calling out of off-duty and reserve personnel; evacuation; and other like actions.
-5-
3'???"?'??i?f!,'?tfiim??}?Jt"`F•r?....r?,;.r:.a•,..sx.+,kS:'?x ., r.-:h.. .a. •+fa+vd,%:n.-.s,? y," ?ts9r?••?•.g..- ?
,,k qF R. S - ? ? ..?1 ,?f. ?,.:.'. .. % f- , ?t.? 3..,, xv;^?!,..a./: a,.a •. ,. .?•ia K.t D..Y tam -
uh krw ky???4".?.?r?'.t' •.1 ':''•.:t':-F r.?: `•,Y• _ ? C.•X?.v'r: •t.y?<r. y?ice jet`, -. .f
;?t.Y? li?l t' d ?g3 I \. 5 xn - ? _ ?V• N ?' -%:..Y??l? •.?K'i `
d2!' ? ` qq r?7.f ,?f .'t, s'i' ?ri .?I?.y,} , '+:•'L. i rj`.+..r.,..,' 3; 'vy,
'>'Y, ix' t'r`. "i?r c'; s... a:"3}±?? Y ? sa ,s '''.?ft?".q"???.1 =•`i ??: '? ..?.s'?' i."-,?. >r?',..:?i'i '.-u dji "fs?. r
p ?,;,,,?,??; ;,? ?f ?.4 ,trJ "'?.FK??'<?.: .,g .?;?. ..54 2'' e:'i.2 ..i2-'• ", •`sAie •:?v :?NOI..., 32 ?. ",?° °?, sf:r• .'?:: ;?- r._ '''i?,i??IE.T?°?F"'ftS'I'? t .e. ?' .'''??'??n:?1'C`s?.w-.S_`y??
f"' ?-s.fsi ? ti'dr'3?.....v? •s. ??S_ A _ , a'?r . _ ?.Fi. soh ,?. ::t;F', s? .''?r1:5 2 .fit...., [ T"7:t i:`r•• ?n...n?. 'i+d• s:iiA :.i:.'.': '` i7: °.iwt
k
f
.D i4S)vi'
(b) Declaration of a public emergency because of fire shall authorize the
Issuance of emergency resolutions A, B, E and H, as may be required.
See. 92.14. Susponsion of local building regulations.
The City Manager may authorize the suspension of local building regulations
during and following a declared state of emergency when the Building Director
certifies that such action Is necessary to the expeditious restoration of property
damaged by the emergency event. Such suspension of building regulations may be
applied on a case-by-case basis as required to remedy specific conditions and to
facilitate the provision of emergency housing to disaster victims. The Building
Director shall specify the provisions of the building code to be suspended and the
reasons therefore when certifying the necessity of such suspension to the City
Manager.
See. 92.15. Certification of emergency conditions.
A certification of emergency conditions to the City Manager may be verbal but
each verbal certification shall be confirmed In writing, within twenty-four (24) hours
following an emergency declaration.
Section 2. Sections 92.20 through 92.34 and Sections 92.40 through 92.44, Code
of Ordinances, are hereby repealed.
Section 3. This ordinance shall take effect immediately upon adoption.
PASSED ON FIRST READING June 19: 1906
PASSED ON SECOND AND FINAL
READING AND ADOPTED 17, 1986
Attests
CM CIerk
Approved as to form
and correctness:
City Attorn
f - 6 -
77-
r • _ ~i%:\-. •'_'??.Y ?.R? a^-5-- _r , .'`' 4f