Loading...
08/13/1998 (2) .':: ", .', ".,,' ,'..... :'. '.,', :,::. '.,:"., ," ',',,',' '.'; ',"'.':", ".' .", " '\, '" ," . ","',' \ '''' ,'> .' ','" . "'. ,':" . I. ,.~f"r ....:/'>.::<~..~ 'I' .. / . .~~IP"'<<\." :~: ';", . f~> .'.; , " , .,;d...,;: "::. <.' " \ . ~ !.' . ~ .. . " , " , " .~ <'J ~'t ....1 . . ' . , , " . DCAB " . ' .... I' ). ~ ", }f\. ' .' '"I>.evelopment Code Adjustment.Board Minutes ". , ',I ~'. . .' ." '<, . c~ ~ :. ." . . . l~ I . ~.........'\ ...~J Date g' :." .', f. I ! . I I \ " "'0' .. . , ." ;,'1 . h'.:-. . I' . 1:< .~. . I . '{}(5Y " , . ~{}:>..~ ....~:, : ",'::, . ~ DEVELOPMENT CODE ADJUSTMENT BOARD - ACTION AGENDA CITY OF CLEARWATER August 13, 1998 . Call to Order at 1 :00 p.m., Pledge of Allegiance, and Invocation ITEM #A - Time Extension Reauests - None. ITEM #8 - Continued Variance Reauests - None. ITEM #C - New Variance Reauests C 1) The Kimberlv Home. Inc. for variances to open space requirements and to landscaping requirements at 1189 NE Cleveland Street, Bassadena , Blk 0, Lots 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, zoned OL (Limited Office). V 98-55 (-j ., , ACTION: Variance of 11.7% open space for the lot, variance of 5 foot landscape buffer on East and South property lines, and variance of 272 square feet for interior landscaping for parking lot granted subject to conditions: 1) variances based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for variances. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for variances regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, will result in these variances being null and of no effect and 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within 6 months; 3) before Certificate of Occupancy is approved, interior landscaping shall be installed where adequate space exists on site and landscape buffers shall be provided along the West property line and surrounding the City-owned property to the East. Prior to installation, a landscape plan shall be submitted to the City Landscape Architect for review and approval. Irrigation shall be provided for any landscape material. Failure to maintain the buffer in a healthy condition shall void the variances. C2) Christine Fernandez, for a setback variance for a new screened room at 1909 HastinQs Lane, Willow Ridge Replat, Lot 3, zoned RS 8 (Single Family Residential). V 98-56 ACTION: Variance of 15 feet for a street setback granted as requested subject to conditions: 1) variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for a variance regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, wjll result in this variance being null and of no effect 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within one year; and 3) all required landscaping must be installed where adequate space exists, Landscape plan must be submitted and subject to approval by the City Landscape Architect. . o C3) 51 Island Way Condominium for a variance to the parking requirements and to the setback requirements to allow a new bicycle storage building and a new carport over existing parking at 51 Island Way, zoned RM 28 (Mu'ltiple Family Residential). V 98-57 adcOBa98 1 OB/13/9B ~ r;J~ '. > ,~ y ACTION: Variance to remove 2 existing parking spaces, variance of 33 feet for a streot setback, and variance of 68.7 feet for side setback granted as requested subject to conditions: 1) variances based on variance application and documents submitted by applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's variance request. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the variance request regarding work to be done to the site or to any physical structure on the site will result in these variances being null and of no effect; 2) requisite building permit(s) shall be obtained within 1 year from the date of this public hearing; 3) applicant shall upgrade existing landscape buffers adjacent to the proposed carports as follows: a) along South property line, between the carport and existing shrub/hedge, the Code requires shade trees to be planted. (Minimum 12'Ht. X 6' Spd.-PJanted 35' a.c.); b) along West property line, existing landscape should be revised to provide an adequate vertical screen from Island Way. Existing palms should remain. The ground cover should remain or be replaced. A hedge, capable of growing to at least 6-feet high, should be planted adjacent to the carport. (Minimum 3 Gal. 36" Ht. X 24" Spd. - Planted 36" D.C.); c) 3 palms can be used in place of each required shade tree. Palm trees cannot exceed 75% of the landscape; and d) use of flowering shrubs, similar to those on site, is strongly recommended; and 4) landscape plan must be submitted and approved by the City Landscape Architect, prior to the issuance of any building permits. C4) Plaza Pines. Inc. (Plaza Pines Mobile Home Park) for variances to the height requirements for a fence; and setback requirements for a new shuffleboard court cover at 1280 Lakeview Road, F.E. Hanousek's Sub, Part of Lot 9, zoned RMH (Mobile Home Park). V 98-58 ACTION: Continued to August 27, 1998. C5) laconian Society of West Florida. Inc. for a variance to the parking requirements for a new fraternal organization at 1700 Drew Street, Drew Manor, Lot 32 and 48, zoned CG (General Commercial) and RS 8 (Single Family Residential). V 98-59 ACTION: Variance for 31 parking spaces granted as requested subject to conditions: 1) variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for a variance. regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, will result in this variance being null and of no effect; 2) the requisite building permit shall be obtained within 60 days; 3) a landscaping plan must be submitted and approved by the City Landscape Architect. All required landscaping must be installed where adequate space exists. C6) Church of ScientoloQv. FlaQ Service Oraanization. Inc. for a variance to the fence height restrictions at 210 S Ft. Harrison Ave., See 16~29-15, M&B 13.01, zoned UC[C] (Urban Center Core). V 98-61 ACTION: Variance of 1 foot 4 inches - wrought iron, 1 foot 8 inches - columns, and 3 feet 4 inches- light fixtures for a fence/wall height granted as requested subject to conditions: 1) variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the adc08a98 2 08/13/98 i I I ! I r ~ ) , .. I . ' \ . " . , !. ~ ~ ' '., . I' .'.H, .~, -: ";;;;.'J",,,>:;;/;d,:;;:\> ': '.. ..," ." !~:::Ui,);;;<.::, .,: '.' " ' ~'>(:'.: " ~~~~,;~.'l \!.';': 'It" :}:,", >/~ :.;. ~' 1t~ ~~~ ". .' '. . r '~ ' I i-'< : ~ :..: , , , ' applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other document~ submitted in support of the applicant's request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in. . ' support ot the request for a variance regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or , any physical structure located on the site, will result in this variance being null and of no efte'ct; 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within 60 days; and 3) 2~story structure ; depicted In blueprint shall not be attached to the fence/wall. ITEM #0 ~ land DeveloomEmt Code Amendments - None. ITEM HE'~ ADDroval of Minutes ~ July 23, 1998 - Approved. " ITEM #F ~ Board & Staft Comments ~ Discussion. ,j : Adjournment ~. 2:25 p.m. ' " ' " < " ~I:' ,'.< f<: : '., '." ". j~(:'-.,' ',' ... 'i':" ~ ,f ,', {.., " , :!t"~ ": ' ?;'~;'O': " ! ' , 1 " ," ,I >'1 ,'\ ", 'J 11 . " adcOBa,98 , J ,3 OB/13/98 ... .. . , .~ .... ~ 'j, t< ~"'t . ~+~.~ , ' -J"~ T, j\' . ': ,:. ',u .' " .' I" . . ',~ J . ' , '/"':.'; ,'\1. '.,: :'.-'.;';:-, ' . , . , "I " ":(,!):'~<;;L\}.:d:h:::\~;~;;;~.:f< . I "" > :.' ,tGI}. c l. J DEVELO~MENT CODe ADJUSTMENT BOARD MEETING CITY OF CLEARWATER August 13, 1998 Present: William Schwob William Johnson Mark Jonnatti Ron Stuart Shirley Moran Leslie Dougall-Sides Sandy Glatthorn Patricia O. Sulllvan Chair Vice-Chair Board Member Board Member Board Member Assistant City Attorney Central Permitting Manager Board Reporter The Chair called the meeting to order at 1 :00 p.m. at'City Hall, followed by the Invocation, Pledge of Allegiance, review of meeting procedures, and explanation of appeal process. . To provide continuity for research, items are in agenda order although not necessarily discussed in that order. ITEM #A - Time Extension Requests - None. ITEM #8 R Continued Variance Reauests - None. .,,~ {'"i.f..,~t.i ITEM #C - New Variance Requests C1) The Kimberlv Home. Inc. for variances to open space requirements and to landscaping requirements at 1189 NE Cleveland Street, Bassadena , Blk D, Lots 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, zoned OL (limited Office). V 98-55 Plans are to raze 2 houses on the property to the West and expand the Kimberly Home facilities onto that property. A 1,580-square foot infant care addition will be on the ground floor and an 86D-square foot office will be constructed as a second story addition. The property West of the current Kimberly Home site meets the 30% open space requirement. The applicant has obtained conditional use approval for a child day-care facility . and residential shelter. The applicant has applied for variances to the landscape and open space requirements. The Kimberly Home site previously was developed without adequate space for open space or landscaping. .. j. ,. Staff recommends approval of: 11 a 5-foot variance to the landscape buffer requirements to allow 0 feet of landscaping where 5 feet is required along the South and East property lines; 2) a 272~square foot variance to allow 1 05~square feet of interior landscaping for the parking lot were 377Rsquare feet is required; and 3) a 11.7% variance to the open space requirements to allow 18.3% open space where 30% is required because the applicant has substantially met all standards for approval. ',: .:J mdc08a98 1 08/13/98 ~ Central Permitting Manager Sandy Glatthorn recommended the applicant not be required to obtain the bUilding permit for 6 months. Pat Stough, architect representative, said the property currently is 100% impervious. She indicated conditions related to the conditional use permit require a safe drop-off and pick~up area be designed. She said the South property line will have a substantial landscape buffer. The applicant will install and maintain a landscaping buffer along the perimeter of City-owned land the facility uses for parking. Ms. Stough requested the landscaping be tied to the CO (Certificate of Occupancy) so that plants are not destroyed by construction vehicles. In response to a question, she said the plans have changed since the agency's December 1997, request. In response to a question, she said the current property is non-conforming. She anticipated the 8-month project will begin in October. No other support or opposition was expressed. ? :, '~) .,~ ~ ':~ Member Jonnatti moved to grant a variance of 11.7% open space for the lot, a variance of a 5.foot landscape buffer on the East and South property lines, and a 272- square foot variance for interior landscaping for a parking lot as requested because the applicant substantially has met all standards for approval as listed in Section 45.24 of the land Development Code, subject to conditions: 1) variances based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for variances. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for variances regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, will result in these variances being null and of no effect; 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within 6 months; and 3) before Certificate of Occupancy is approved, interior landscaping shall be installed where adequate space exists on site and landscape buffers shall be provided along the West property line and surrounding the City-owned property to the East. Prior to installation, a landscape plan shall be submitted to the City landscape Architect for review and approval. Irrigation shall be provided for any landscape material. Failure to maintain the buffer in a healthy condition shall void the variances. The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. C2) Christine Fernandez, for a setback variance for a new screened room at 1909 Hastlnas Lane, Willow Ridge Replat, Lot 3, zoned RS 8 (Single Family Residentiall. V 98-56 This property is developed with a single family home. The owners wish to construct a screened patio to extend 10 feet from the home' 5 rear so that it is 10 feet from the Sunset Point Road right~of-way where 25 feet is required. According to the applicants, the widening of Sunset Point Road affected their property. According to the survey submitted with the application, the South property line is 20 feet from the Sunset Point Road right-ot- way. Based on a July 29, 1998, site inspection by staff, the adjacent building to the East appears to have a 10-foot rear setback from the Sunset Point Road right-of-way. Staff recommends approval. Based upon rear elevation drawings, the proposed screened patio will complement the existing construction and enhance this home's appearance. The variance is minimal to accommodate construction of a screened patio. Approval will not effect this neighborhood where other homes have structures within 1 0 feet of the Sunset Point Road right~of-way. A 6-foot wood fence shields the property from view from Sunset Point Road. Christine Fernandez, ~pplicant, submitted photographs of a large ,...) mdc08a98 2 08/13/98 As this building was constructed in 1974, prior to current development code, it is legally non-conforming. This waterfront development has no nearby land available for redevelopment. The abutting building (Horizon House) appears to have no setback from the Island Way right-ot-way. Staff feels conditions support approval of the requested variances. No land is available tor purchase. Due to the property's physical limitations, the applicant cannot meet current code requirements. The proposed setback will not be out of character with surrounding development. Many neighborhood structures do not adhere to current setback requirements. Approval will not adversely affect this community. Residents desire a bicycle storage facility to resolve problems related to bicycle security and storage. Staff feels the proposed redevelopment will enhance the property's appearance. I~ oak tree in her front yard, proving the structure could not be constructed In that location. No other support or opposition was expressed. Member Johnson moved to grant a 1 5-foot variance for a street setback as requested because the applicant substantially has met all standards for approval as listed in Section 45.24 of the Land Development Code, s.ubject to conditions: 1) variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for a variance regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, will result in this variance being null and of no effect; 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within one year; and 3) all required landscaping must be installed where adequate space exists. Landscape plan must be submitted and subject to approval by the City Landscape Architect. The motion was duly second.ed and carried unanimously. C3) 51 Island Way Condominium for a variance to the parking requirements and to the setback requirements to allow a new bicycle storage building and a new carport over existing parking at 51 Island Way, zoned RM 28 (Multiple Family Residential). V 98-57 ,";'1.;:) [' . \::~i1! This property is developed as a high rise condominium. The applicant wishes to construct a covered parking canopy over 24 parking spaces on the property's South side. This condominium is served by 145 parking spaces with 26 parking spaces along the South property line. The applicant proposes to eliminate 2 parking spaces on the South side for construction of a bicycle storage facility. Arnie Shal, representative, said the building had been constructed as an apartment building and later converted to condominiums. Covered parking was never constructed. He said to protect their bicycles from inclement weather, some residents defy condominium regulations which forbid bicycles in the building. Mr. Shal said the proposed covered parking will blend with the roof lines next door. In response to a question, he said the proposed bicycle storage building will be smaller than 2 parking spaces. He indicated approximately two-thirds of residents drive motor vehicles. The assignment of covered spaces and wait list order will be based on a lottery. Herbert Moessing expressed concern the planned changes not interfere with the water views of nearby residents. It was noted construction is planned for the property's South side \.) mdc08a98 3 08/13/98 , I. f l l I r f At Plaza Pines Mobile Home Park, the applicant wishes to construct a covering for the shuffleboard court and build a 6-foot high concrete block wall, both within the Lakeview Road setback. Staff feels the property is large enough for the property owner to meet the 35-foot setback requirement for the proposed wall. The shuffleboard court is 15 feet from the Lakeview Road right-of-way. The planned covering will shield the residents from rain and sun at the shuffleboard court and should have little or no affect on other properties. Staff recommends approval of a variance for the shuffleboard court covering. John Treantafellow, applicant, said the canopy would cover the ends of the shuffleboard court where residents rest. He felt an attractive picket fence would beautify the property and block children's access to the shuffleboard court where skateboard damage has exceeded $2,000. He said the proposed wall also would stop students at the nearby elementary school from cutting through the mobile home property and littering. He said nearby growth has increased neighborhood noise and traffic. He said the park tries to keep costs low for residents and does not want to spend money on landscaping, watering, and plant maintenance. He said the planned wall would be decorative and have lights installed on .~ and will not interfere. No other support or opposition was expressed. In response to a question, Mr. Shal said the building will adhere to staff's landscaping recommendations. The staff proposed landscaping solution was complimented. ~.t(1.IL~~ ! .,.j , :!f:J' Member Moran moved to grant a variance to remove 2 existing parking spaces, a 33- foot variance for a street setback, and a 68.7-foot variance for side setback as requested because the applicants have substantially met all standards for approval as listed in Section 45.24 of the Land Development Code, subject to conditions: 1) variances based on variance application and documents submitted by applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's variance request. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the variance request regarding work to be done to the site or to any physical structure on the site will result in these variances being null and of no effect: 2) requisite building permit(s) shall be obtained within one year from the date of this public hearing; 3) applicant shall upgrade existing landscape buffers adjacent to the proposed carports as follows: a) along South property line, between the carport and existing shrub/hedge, the Code requires shade trees to be planted. (Minimum 12'Ht. X 6' Spd.-Planted 35' a.c.): b) along West property line, existing landscape should be revised to provide an adequate vertical screen from Island Way. Existing palms should remain. The ground cover should remain or be replaced. A hedge, capable of growing to at least 6-feet high, should be planted adjacent to the carport. (Minimum 3 Gal. 36" Ht. X 24" Spd. - Planted 36" a.c.); c) 3 palms can be used in place of each required shade tree. Palm trees cannot exceed 75% of the landscape; and d) use of flowering shrubs, similar to those on site, is strongly recommended; and 4) landscape plan must be submitted and approved by the City Landscape Architect, prior to the issuance of any building permits. The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. C4) Plaza Pines. Inc. (Plaza Pines Mobile Home Park) for variances to the height requirements for a fence: and setback requirements for a new shuffleboard court cover at 1280 Lakeview Road, F.E. Hanousek's Sub, Part of Lot 9, zoned RMH (Mobile Home Park). V 98-58 ......J mdc08a98 4 08/13/98 . pillars every 15 feet. In response to a question, he said the proposed canopy will protect players when they sit on benches at the ends of the shuffleboard courts. Discussion ensued regarding plans for the wall. A drawing of the proposed wall was requested. The applicants did not object to continuing this item to the next meeting. They indicated all proposed construction will be done at the same time. No other support or opposition was expressed. Member Johnson moved to continue Item #C4 to August 27, 1998. The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. It was requested the applicant place stakes on the subject property to demonstrate where the fence will be located. C5) laconian Society of West Florida. Inc. for a variance to the parking requirements for a new fraternal organization at 1700 Drew Street, Drew Manor, Lot 32 and 48, zoned CG (General Commercial) and RS 8 (Single Family Residential). V 98-59 . The Laconian Society of West Florida, Inc. wishes to construct a 50G-square foot kitchen on the West side of a project that will convert approximately 1, 500-square feet of office space to a meeting room. The applicants request a 31-space parking variance to allow these changes. The building on this property has commercial and office uses. Based on code requirements, the proposed conversion of use will require 31 additional spaces. The Laconian Society uses the parking spaces in the evening after the offices have closed. If peak parking requirements are considered, this request is for a 15-space variance. According to the application, general membership and meetings presently are limited to 100. Staff recommends approval of the request. Steve Fowler, architect representative, said construction of bathrooms that meet ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) requirements will take up substantial room. He said the organization does not anticipate any parking related conflicts with other building tenants. In response to a question, Constance Serras, representative, said the Laconian Society supports schools, churches, and provides scholarships. The bathrooms do not allow access to handicapped individuals, as required by law. In response to a question, she said the organization has between 40 and 50 active members. The kitchen is to be used to warm food, most of which will cooked off site. No other support or opposition was expressed. It was felt parking is adequate to meet needs. Nearby street parking also is available. Member Johnson moved to grant a variance for 31 parking spaces as requested because the applicants have substantially met all standards for approval as listed in Section 45.24 of the Land Development Code, subject to conditions: 1} variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicantts request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for a variance regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the sitet will result in this variance being null and of no effect; 2) the requisite building permit shall be obtained within 60 days; and 3) a landscaping plan must be ., I ., --./' mdc08a98 5 08/13/98 ,~ submitted and approved by the City Landscape Architect. All required landscaping must be installed where adequate space exists. The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. C6) Church of Scientoloav. FlaJl Service Organization. fnc. for a variance to the fence height restrictions at 210 S Ft. Harrison Ave., See 16-29H15, M&B 13.01, zoned UC[C] (Urban Center Core). V 98-61 The applicant proposes to add decorative wrought iron, and columns with lights to the perimeter masonry wall/fence. This property is developed with a church complex that includes a wall along portions of the North, South, and East property lines. The outdoor pool/patio amenity area is enclosed by a 5-foot 9-inch wall. This downtown zoning district requires no setbacks. Staff feels the planned wrought iron, columns, and lighting features will improve the waWs appearance and will be in proportion to the development. - ~.l~ In response to a question, Ms. Glatthorn said the subject wall already exists. This proposal is for decorative additions. James Bond, representative, submitted pictures of the site and displayed a drawing of the intended changes. He said this element of current restoration activities will top the existing solid wall with a 4Hinch cap and wrought iron. Columns will support the wrought ,iron and every column will be topped with light fixtures. The ORB (Design Review board) has approved the design. Concern was expressed a feature of the drawing resembles a guard shack atop the wall. Mr. Bond said the drawing features a covering over the stairway and is separated from the wall. Ms. Glatthorn indicated a variance is not required for that construction. Mr. Bond said the wrought iron decoration wiIJimprove the look of the wall. Member Johnson moved to grant a variance of 1 Hfoot 4-inches of wrought iron, 1 H foot a-inches of columns, and 3-feet 4,:,inches of light fixtures for a fence/wall height as requested because the applicants have substantially met all standards for approval as listed in Section 45.24 of the Land Development Code subject to conditions: 1) variance based on application for a variance and documents submitted by the applicant, including maps, plans, surveys, and other documents submitted in support of the applicant's request for a variance. Deviation from any of the above documents submitted in support of the request for a variance regarding the work to be done with regard to the site or any physical structure located on the site, will result in this variance being null and of no effect; 2) requisite building permit shall be obtained within 60 days; and 3) 2-story structure depicted in blueprint shall not be attached to the fence/wall. The motion was duly seconded. Members Johnson, Jonnatti, and Stuart, and Chair Schwob voted "Aye"; Member Moran voted "Nay," Motion carried. ITEM UD - Land Development Code Amendments H None ITEM HE. Approval of Minutes Member Johnson moved to approve the minutes of the regular meeting of July 23, 1998, as recorded and submitted in written summation to each board member. The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. ~ mdc08a98 6 08/13/98 ! I I l ~.. ~ ;~ . , ITEM #F w Board & Staff Comments Concern. was expressed some items in today's agenda packet did not include aerial maps and one map was marked incorrectly. It was recommended that the packets include all relative comments by staff members. , Member Moran reported she will not attend the August 27, 1 998, meeting Assistant City Attorney Remarks Assistant City Attorney Leslie Dougall-Sides reported the Hearing Officer had upheld tf1e DCAB {Development Code Adjustment Board) decision regarding the Curry Group Home case. . The Administrative Law Judge has closed the Bay Aristocrat/Don Pablo case. Ms. Dougall-Sides said the City has recommended Don Pablo's owner file an amended site plan that identifies paved parking spaces. A date for the Lee tower appeal has been scheduled for October 16, 1998. An ordinance to amend current code has been referred to the Planning & Zoning Board and City Commission for review. . ('1;\ '.\~ Adiournment The meeting adjourned at 2:25 p.m. r~~JJ14\-d-- Chair ./: . Development Code Adjustment Board B , i ,.""", , '-' mdc08a98 7 08/13/98 I i I i { \ " .". . 'I" I.. .~'''i. .'. '... . :. .'.......,. ....'. ,_ . ". ~ c, . . c