03-03-2003
AGENDA
COMMUNITY
REDEVELOPMENT
AGENCY
. 03-03-03
AGENDA
COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY MEETING
March 3,2003
1. Call to Order:
2. Approval of Minutes: Regular Meeting 02/18/03.
3. Approve $37,968.13 payment to URS Corporation for remediation activities in connection
with Property B 901-927 Cleveland Street, Clearwater, Florida, (Mediterranean Village) and
authorize the transfer of funds from 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to 181-99986
Mediterranean Village Project account.
4. Approve $30,000. for legal counsel (Akerman Senterfitt & Eidson, P .A.) for ongoing
environmental legal advice for property B 901-927 Cleveland Street, Clearwater, Florida,
(Mediterranean Village) and authorize the transfer of funds from 315-94714 Downtown
Redevelopment to 181-99986 Mediterranean Village Project account.
5. Approve the CRA allocation of $34,476.40 as a shared payment for a consulting contract
with Wade-TrIm Engineers, Inc. in the amount of $98,504. to determine the feasibility and
permitting process associated with the future design and development of a city marina
located at the east end of the Memorial Causeway in Downtown Clearwater.
6. Executive Director Ralph Stone Verbal Reports
7. Other Business
8. Adjourn
Community Redevelopment 2003-0303
03/03/03
.
Community Redevelopment
Agency
Agenda Cover Memorandum
Worksession Item #:
/";
.-"
, /
Final Agenda Item #
Meeting Date: 03/03/03
SUBJECT/RECOMMENDA liON:
Approve $37,968.13 payment to URS Corporation for remediation activities in connection with
Property B 901-927 Cleveland Street, Clearwater, Florida, (Mediterranean Village) and authorize the
transfer of funds from 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to 181-99986 Mediterranean Village
Project account,
D and that the appropriate officials be authorized to execute same.
SUMMARY:
. The City has committed to certain remedial actions on Property B 901-927 Cleveland Street
(Mediterranean Village Project) pursuant to the Brownfields Site Rehabilitation Agreement
(BSRA) entered into between the City and Florida Department of Environmental Protection on
July 26, 2001.
. To achieve compliance with the BSRA agreement, contracts were approved on 11/16/2000,
6/21/2001 and 11/21/2001 with the URS Corporation totaling $522,019 for preparation of
necessary remedial services.
. City payment to date of $484,050.87 has been paid from funds available from the State and
Federal Brownfields Program. Currently, no additional brownfields funds are available for this
project.
. This request is for the CRA to pay the $37,968.13 balance due to URS Corporation which will
complete their contract responsibilities.
. Funds are available in 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to cover this expenditure.
Requesting authorization to transfer $37,968.13 from 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to
181-99986 Mediterranean Village Project account for this purpose.
Reviewed bY:g1,A
Legal 1lUt.
Budget ~
Purchasing ~
Risk Mgml NA
Info Tech
Public Works
DCMfACM
Other
NA
NA ,
~)
~
NA
Originating Dept: ", . ~../
Economic Development//.-Jt..-'
User Dept. /:
Economic Developmer(t , ~C)
Attachments
Costs
$37,968.13
Total
Funding Source:
Capiloll~owmenl
Current Fiscal Year
Operallng
Submitted by: ~.. , J J_
City Manager OeM ,..
o Printed on recycled paper
2/98
---
It:! None
Other X - Project Fund
Appropriation Code:
181-99986-530100-559-000
Rev.
Community Redevelopment
Agency
Agenda Cover Memorandum
Worksession Item #:
If
Final Agenda Item #
Meeting Date:
03/03/03
SUBJECT/RECOMMENDA TION:
Approve $30,000 for legal counsel (Akerman Senterfitt & Eidson, P.A.) for ongoing environmental
legal advice for property 8 901-927 Cleveland Street, Clearwater, Florida, (Mediterranean Village)
and authorize the transfer of funds from 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to 181-99986
Mediterranean Village Project account.
I2l and that the appropriate officials be authorized to execute same.
SUMMARY:
. On March ih, 2002 the City Commission approved an Interlocal Agreement between the City
and the Community Redevelopment Agency regarding the brownfields site known as Dimmitt
Chevrolet Property 8 (Mediterranean Village) for the purpose of facilitating the proposed
redevelopment of the site.
. The City has committed to certain remedial actions on the property pursuant to the Brownfield3
Site Rehabilitation Agreement (BSRA) entered into between the City and Florida Department of
Environmental Protection on July 26, 2001.
. To date approximately $69,000 in State Appropriations funding has been paid to Akerman,
Senterfitt & Eidson P.A. These services provided Brownfields environmental legal counsel
representation to URS Corporation and the City of Clearwater. Currently, no additional State
Appropriations funds are available for legal fees for this project.
. Funding authorization is now requested for $30,000 for legal fees to complete the required
actions of the Brownfields Site Rehabilitation Agreement. This includes payment of $9,054.77
for legal services rendered through January 2003. This fund balance will finalize environmental
legal counsel review for the project.
. Funds are available in 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to cover this expenditure.
Requesting authorization to transfer $30,000 from 315-94714 Downtown Redevelopment to
181-99986 Mediterranean Village Project account for this purpose.
Reviewed by: 1;J1. Originating Dept:
Legal Info Tach NA Economic Development
Budget ~ Public Works NA 0)' User Cept.
Purchasing K ~JL/ ! Economic Development ~
DCM/ACM
Risk Mgmt NA Other NA Attachments
Costs
$30,000
Total
Funding Source:
Caplloll,nproverrent
Current Fiscal Year
Opera ling
Other .CRA
X Project Fund
Submitted by:
City Manager
A4.~
o None
Appropriation Code:
181.99986.530100.559.000
Printed on recycled paper
2/98
Rev.
(I
Community Redevelopment
Agency
Agenda Cover Memorandum
Worksession Item #:
j"
Final Agenda Item #
Meeting Date: 03/03/03
SUBJECT/RECOMMENDA liON:
Approve the CRA allocation of $34,476.40 as a shared payment for a consulting contract with Wade-Trim
Engineers, Inc in the amount of $98,504.00, To determine the feasibility and permitting process associated
with the future design and development of a city marina located at the east end of the Memorial Causeway in
Downtown Clearwater,
o and that the appropriate officials be authorized to execute same,
SUMMARY:
· A key element associated with the economic development strategy for Downtown Clearwater,
is the strategic positioning of prime private and publicly owned redevelopment parcels located
west of Osceola Avenue, as a future destination entertainment, recreation, retail and
residential environment.
· The development of a municipal marina at this location would not only enhance the
redevelopment opportunities for the whole of the downtown core, and the planned
development of future waterfront park; but it would also provide a major linkage between the
downtown and the Clearwater beaches and its wealth of visitors and residents.
· A downtown municipal marina would also provide the residents of Clearwater with a much
need ancillary source of additional boating slips, and help alleviate a current average waiting
period of 18 months for such a slip.
· The consulting Team includes Wade-Trim for engineering design and development costs,
Fowler, White, Boggs & Banker (Tallahassee) for legal due diligence on state and federal
regulations, and Delta Seven, Inc an environmental consulting company.
· The consulting fee of $98,504.00 is a shared cost between the Marina & Aviation Department
(50%, $49,252.00), eRA (35%, $34,476.40), DDS (15%, $14,775.60).
· Funds are available in the Professional Services line item of the CRA Operating Budget
account 188-09311-530100-552-000 to cover this expenditure.
/
Originating Copt: ..~
Reviewed by: ...'\: I
Legal Info Tech Economic Development ' l,'"
NA NA \
- -
Budget ~ Public Works ~", User Cept. t ~
O.
Purchasing DCM/ACM ~Xn Economic Development
-
Risk Mgmt NA Other NA Attachments
- -
Costs
34.4 76.40
Total
Funding Source:
Cap\toll"T'QtO~ement
Current Fiscal Year
Operatln.g
x
Other
Submitted by:
City Manager
o Printed on recycled paper
2198
[J None
Appropriation Code:
188.09311.530100.552.000
Rev,
DREW STREET TO MEMORIAL
CAUSEWAY SUBMERGED AQUATIC
VEGETATION AND BENTHIC
COMMUNITIES SURVEY
,3.5. 03
hj~~
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Prepared for.
City Of Clearwater
100 South Myrtle Avenue
Clearwater, Florida 33755
"
Prepared by: .
Scheda Ecological Associates, Inc.
4013 East Fowler Avenue
. Tampa, Florida 33617
August 9, 2002
1.0 PURPOSE
The objectives of the project are to conduct underwater field surveys to determine the
presence/absence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV), benthic communities, or
coral assemblages. The existing seagrass beds and benthic invertebrate communities
were mapped and each floral and faunal community in the delineated project area was
described and documented.
2.0 DATA COLLECTION
Available Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and literature were compiled and
reviewed to determine previously documented and potential habitat with SAV and
benthic communities within the project area. Data sources used in this evaluation
included:
1. Southwest Florida Water Management District SAV coverage maps (1999);
2. Memorial Causeway Bridge Wildlife and Habitat Report (HDR Engineering, Inc.,
1996);
3. Memorial Causeway Bridge Wetland Evaluation Report (HDR Engineering, Inc.,
1996);
4. Drew Street Ferry Dock Environmental Survey Report (Mangrove Systems and
City of Clearwater, 1989)
5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Bathymetric maps;
6. Project aerial photography (2000); and
7. True color aerial mapping (1-foot resolution).
3.0 METHOD
Subsequent to the initial data collection, areas with documented SAV and benthic
communities and/or have the potential to support SA V and benthic invertebrate
communities were identified. Two principal scientists and one environmental scientist
conducted the SA V and benthic communities survey on July 31, 2002. The weather
was sunny, clear, humid, and calm, with a high temperature of 920F and a water
temperature of 850F. Seagrass cover was determined using the Braun-Blanquet cover
abundance scale which ranges from ",.,. for solitary to "5" for an area with greater than
75% cover (Mueller-Dombois, 1974) (Table 1).
Table 1. Braun-Blanquet Abundance
ABUNDANCE SCALE DEFINITION
r
Solitary
Few
Less than 5%
5 to 25% cover
26 to 50% cover
51 to 75% cover
76 to 100% cover
+
1
2
3
4
5
523/Drew Streello Memortal Causeway SA V Report rl.doc
1
This abundance scale is assigned to each species of seagrass within the seagrass bed.
Blade lengths of each species within the seagrass bed are determined by measuring
the length of five representative blades to the nearest centimeter. Epiphyte coverage
was assessed as none, light, moderate, or heavy. Epiphytes are considered to be
anything growing on or encrusting the seagrass blade. Sediment characterization was
determined and recorded for each sampling location in accordance with the following
benthic descriptions: 1 =shelly sand, 2=sand, 3=muddy sand, and 4=mud. The location
and boundaries of each SA V or benthic community was determined and mapped using
a Trimble ProXR portable Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) surveying tool. The
Trimble ProXR utilizes GPS and total station positioning technology allowing for the
collection and management of information. The data collected on the Trimble ProXR
was interfaced with GIS software, then transferred and plotted as a layer over an aerial
base map
4.0 RESU L TS
One large seagrass bed, three Essential Fish Habitats (EFH) dominated by oysters
(Crassostrea virginica), and one coral colony (Leptogorgia sp.) were observed during
the field survey conducted within the project area on July 31, 2002. Table 2 lists each
community and their approximate areas and Figure 1 presents the location and
approximate boundary of the seagrass bed and EFH. The following sections describe
the marine communities observed during the field survey.
Table 2. Seagrass Bed and EFH Within the Project Area
SEAGRASS BED
NUMBER
APPROXIMATE SIZE
S1
EFH 1
EFH2
EFH3
Total
(Acres)
1.45
0.004
0.035
0.015
1.504
(Square Feet)
63,162
174
1,525
653
65,514
4.1 SEAGRASS BED
Seaarass Bed
One large seagrass bed measuring approximately 1.45 acres was observed along the
seawall between Drew Street and the Memorial Causeway Bridge, west of Coachman
Park. It is dominated by shoal grass (Ha/odule wrightii) with two small patches of star
grass (Ha/ophila englemanni). The seagrass blade length ranges from 5 to 35
centimeters and the abundance level ranges from level 1 to 5 with light to moderate
epiphyte fouling. The substrate is primarily sandy, with some areas exhibiting muddy
and rocky substrate. The landward edge of the seagrass bed extends to the seawall in
S2MJrew Street 10 MemorIal Causeway SAV Rep<lft r1.doc
2
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I.V..'lIO~"Y;~ ',\I KA
DREW ST. TO
rvetvrnlAL CAUS8NA Y
Pinellas County, Rorida
SAV AND BENlliIC
COMMUNlllES SURVEY MAP
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Figure 1
some sections, to a strip of sandy beach, or to the edge of rubble and rocks with some
oyster encrustation. The seagrass bed was divided into three sections for this project.
North Section
The north section of the seagrass bed is immediately south of the ferry dock. The
seaward edge of this section is dominated by shoal grass with a small patch of star
grass. This edge has a level 5 abundance (100 percent cover) with low to moderate
epiphyte fouling and an average blade length of 22.5 centimeters. The landward edge
consists of shoal grass with level 5 abundance, moderate epiphyte fouling, and an
average blade length of 11 centimeters. Portions of the landward edge consist of shoal
grass adjacent to rocks with oyster encrustation and an oyster bed (EFH 1). The
northeastern tip of the seagrass is underlain with silty sand substrate directly south of a
group of rocks with oyster encrustation.
Central Section
The central section of the seagrass bed, west of the Coachman Park parking lot, is
dominated by shoal grass with level 5 abundance (100 percent cover) exhibiting
moderate epiphyte fouling. Northeast of this section (outside the seagrass limits) is a
small coral colony (Figure 1). The seaward edge has a band of star grass that
measures approximately nine square feet in size with level 3 abundance (25 percent
cover). The rest of the seaward edge is dominated by shoal grass with level 5
abundance and moderate epiphyte fouling. The landward edge consists of shoal grass
with a level 5 abundance (90 percent cover), an average blade length of 7.5
centimeters, and moderate epiphyte fouling. Adjacent and landward of the seagrass
bed is a strip of unvegetated sandy beach.
South Section
The south section of the seagrass bed is immediately north of the Memorial Causeway
Bridge. This seagrass bed is dominated by shoal grass with moderate epiphyte fouling
and level 5 abundance (100 percent cover). Near the seaward edge of the seagrass
bed is an area with sandy substrate and no submerged vegetation. Some metal and
other debris were observed adjacent to this area. The seaward edge consists of shoal
grass with level 5 abundance (100 percent cover) exhibiting moderate epiphyte fouling.
The landward edge of this section consists of shoal grass ranging from level 3 to level 5
abundance (30 to 100 percent cover). The seagrass has moderate epiphyte fouling and
blades with an average length of 10 centimeters. Adjacent to the stormwater outfall is a
small, unvegetated silt bar. The southernmost edge of the seagrass bed has a level 4
abundance (70 percent cover) with a muddy bottom. The seagrass bed's southeastern
edge is adjacent to a small EFH (3) that consists of concrete rocks with light oyster
encrustation.
523/Orew Slrenllo MemJrIal Causeway SAV Report rl,doc
4
.
EFH 2
EFH 2 is approximately 0.035 acres or 1,525 square feet in size and located east of the
central section of the seagrass bed. It consists of a mixture of concrete rock and rock
rubble with light oyster encrustation.
EFH 3
EFH 3 is approximately 0.015 acres or 653 square feet in size and located north of the
Memorial Causeway Bridge. The southern half consists of concrete rocks with light
oyster encrustation while the northern half consists of a bed of oysters.
4.3 CORAL COLONY
Sea Whip Colonv
A small sea whip colony was observed west of the end of the northern section of the
seagrass bed (Figure 1).
No other benthic invertebrate communities were observed within the project area.
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eugene H. Kaplan. 1988. A Field Guide to Southeastern and Caribbean Seashores:
CaDe Hatteras to Gulf Coast. Florida, and the Caribbean. Houghton Mifflin
Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
Littler, Dianne Scullion, M. M. Littler, K. E. Bucher, and J. N. Norris. 1989. Marine
Plants of the Caribbean: A Field Guide from Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods of Veoetation
EcoloQY. John Wiley, New York.
52 3IOrew Slreello Me<ronal Causeway SA V Report r 1 .doc:
5
PIERCE 100 BUILDING TO MEMORIAL
CAUSEWAY SUBMERGED AQUATIC
VEGETATION AND BENTHIC
COMMUNITIES SURVEY
Prepared for.
City Of Clearwater
100 South Myrtle Avenue
Clearwater, Florida 33755
Prepared by:
Scheda Ecological Associates, Inc.
4013 East Fowler Avenue
Tampa, Florida 33617
August 9, 2002 .
.3-5'-D3
t~ JJ^~ ~
dJttrw-'7 {!M ,3, .3-0,3
1.0 PURPOSE
The objectives of the project are to conduct underwater field surveys to determine the
presence/absence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SA V), benthic communities, or coral
assemblages, to map the boundaries of the existing seagrass beds and benthic
invertebrate communities, and to provide a description of each floral and faunal community
in the delineated project area.
2.0 DATA COLLECTION
Available Geographic Information System (GIS) maps and literature were compiled and
reviewed to determine previously documented and potential habitat with SA V and benthic
communities within the project area. Data sources used in this evaluation included:
1. Southwest Florida Water Management District SA V coverage maps (1999);
2. Memorial Causeway Bridge Wildlife and Habitat Report (HDR Engineering, Inc.,
1996);
3. Memorial Causeway Bridge Wetland Evaluation Report (HDR Engineering, Inc.,
1996);
4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Bathymetric maps;
5. Project aerial photography (1 "=200'); and
6. True color aerial mapping (1-foot resolution).
3.0 METHOD
Subsequent to the initial data collection, areas that have been documented as SAV and
benthic communities and/or have the potential to support SAV and benthic invertebrate
communities were identified. Two principal scientists and one environmental scientist
conducted the SAV and benthic communities survey on July 31,2002. The weather was
sunny, clear, humid, and calm, with a high temperature of 920F and a water temperature of
850F. ~eagrass cover was determined using the Braun-Blanquet cover abundance scale
which ranges from Urn for solitary to "5" for an area with greater than 75% cover (Mueller-
Dombois, 1974) (Table1).
Table 1. Blaun-BlanQuet Seagrass Abundance
ABUNDANCE SCALE DEFINITION
r Solitary
+ Few
1 Less than 5%
2 5 to 25% cover
3 26 to 50% cover
4 51 to 75% cover
5 76 to 100% cover
~2~lPlelco 100 \0 Morro<ial Causeii3Y SAV Repor1 It ,doc
1
This abundance scale was assigned to each species of seagrass within the seagrass bed.
Blade lengths of each species within the seagrass bed were determined by measuring the
length of five representative blades to the nearest centimeter. Epiphyte coverage was
assessed as none, light, moderate, or heavy. Epiphytes are considered to be anything
growing on or encrusting the seagrass blade. Sediment characterization was determined
and recorded for each sampling location in accordance with the following benthic
descriptions: 1 =shelly sand, 2=sand, 3=muddy sand, and 4=mud. The location and
boundaries of each SA V or benthic community was determined and mapped using a
Trimble ProXR portable Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) surveying tool. The Trimble
ProXR utilizes GPS and total station positioning technology allowing for the collection and
management of information. The data collected on the Trimble ProXR was interfaced with
GIS software, then transferred and plotted as a layer over an aerial base map.
4.0 RESULTS
Two seagrass beds were observed during the field survey conducted within the project
area on July 31, 2002. Table 2 lists each community and their approximate areas and
Figure 1 presents the location and approximate boundary of the seagrass beds. No EFH
habitat was observed in the project area. The following sections describe the seagrass
beds observed during the field survey.
Table 2. Seagrass Beds Within the Project Area
SEAGRASS BED
NUMBER
APPROXIMATE SIZE
.
(Acres)
0.06
0.80
0.86
(Square Feet)
2,526
34,848
37,374
S1
S2
Total
4.1 SEAGRASS BEDS
Two seagrass beds were observed within the project area. Shoal grass (Halodule wrightii)
and manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme) dominate the seagrass beds with occasional
patches of star grass (Halophila englemanni) and turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum).
Seaarass Bed 1 ~
Seagrass Bed 1 is approximately 0.06 acres in size and is located south of the Memorial
Causeway Bridge. It is dominated by shoal grass with blade lengths ranging from 5 to 12
centimeters. The landward edge of the seagrass bed is generally less abundant while the
seaward edge is thicker with longer blade lengths. The abundance of the seagrass bed
ranges from level 2 to level 5 with low to moderate epiphyte fouling at the landward edge
and moderate epiphyte fouling at the seaward edge. The landward edge is adjacent to a
S2.lPlerce 100 10 Uemorial c.u-y SAV Report rl,cIoc
2
.
LEGEND
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PIERCE 100 TO
MEMORJAl CAUS8NAY
PineJlas Co.mty, AO'ida
SAVSURVEY MAP
Roure 1
,. ,....:;... '.~" *o'. '-i, 1:
floating turbidity barrier and steel retaining wall utilized for the construction of the New
Memorial Causeway (Figure 1). This edge has level 2 abundance and a blade length
average of 10 centimeters. Overall this seagrass bed is dominated by shoal grass with
level 5 abundance and moderate epiphyte fouling with an average blade length of 8.5
centimeters.
Seagrass Bed 2 (S2)
Seagrass Bed 2 is approximately 0.80 acres and is located north of Pierce 100 Building.
Shoal grass and manatee grass dominate the seagrass bed with occasional patches of
turtle grass and star grass on sandy substrate. The seaward or outside edge of the
seagrass bed is very thick with level 5 abundance while the landward edge is moderately
thick with levels 4 to 5 abundance. Beyond the seagrass bed are scattered solitary
seagrass rhizomes. For purposes of this project, this seagrass bed has been divided into
three sections:
. The north section;
. The central section; and
. The south section.
North Section
The north section is located at the northern quarter of Seagrass Bed 2 and is dominated by
shoal grass (Figure 1). This section of the seagrass bed has an abundance level ranging
from level 4 to 5 with medium epiphyte fouling. The seaward edge has level 5 abundance
while the landward edge has levels 4 and 5 abundance (75 to 100 percent cover). The
southern edge of this section consists of shoal grass and manatee grass.
Central Section
The central section of Seagrass Bed 2 is the largest section of the bed and consists of
shoal grass, manatee grass, and star grass. The seaward edge has level 5 abundance (95
to 100 percent cover) and is dominated by manatee grass with some patches of shoal
grass and star grass with moderate epiphyte fouling. A few blades of the green algae
Cau/erpa mexicana ~evel1 abundance) were observed at the southern seaward edge of
this section. The landward edge is dominated by shoal grass with blade lengths ranging
from 5 to 18 centimeters with light to moderate epiphyte fouling. The shoal grass grows
near shore at the eastern edge of this section with level 5 abundance (100 percent cover),
heavy epiphyte fouling, and blade lengths ranging from 5 to 6 centimeters.
Southern Section
The southern quarter of Seagrass Bed 2 is dominated by shoal grass. A few feathers of
the green algae Cau/erpa pro/if era (level 1 abundance) were observed west of the
seagrass bed. The seaward edge of this section is dominated by shoal grass with one
small patch of manatee grass, moderate epiphyte fouling, and a level 5 abundance (85 to
100 percent cover). The landward edge Is dominated by shoal grass with light to heavy
epiphyte fouling and levels 4 to 5 abundance (70 to 100 percent cover). An outfall, located
along the seawall immediately east of this section, has created a shallow channel in the
middle of two small sand bars as a result of stormwater runoff. At this section, the
5241J'\erce 100 10 Memorial Causeway SAV Repof\ ,I,doc
4
seagrass edge is considerably distant from the seawall and has the shortest blade length
average of 5.5 centimeters throughout this section.
Overall, this seagrass bed is dominated by shoal grass and manatee grass with moderate
epiphyte fouling and an average blade length of 11.5 centimeters.
No other benthic invertebrate communities were observed within the project area.
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eugene H. Kaplan. 1988. A Field Guide to Southeastem and Caribbean Seashores: Cape
Hatteras to Gulf Coast. Florida, and the Caribbean. Houghton Mifflin Company,
Boston, Massachusetts.
Littler, Dianne Scullion, M. M. Littler, K. E. Bucher, and J. N. Norris. 1989. Marine Plants of
the Caribbean: A Field Guide from Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.
Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods ofVeoetation Eco/oov.
John Wiley, New York.
6241Pl1fce \00 10 t.temoNI Clustw8v SAV Report ,t,doc
5